• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.150-153
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• 1994

Ethanolic extract of Daucus carota (DC) at the dose of 10-100 mg/kg caused a dose-dependent fall in systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure in nomotensive anesthetized rats. These effects were not blocked by atropine (1 mg/kg) and pretratment with DC did not alter the pressor response to norepinephrine indicating that cardiovascular effects of DC are independent of cholinergic or adrenergic recptors involvement. In spontaneously beating guinea-pig paired atria, DC induced a concentration-dependent (03-5 mg/ml) decrease in force and rate of atrial contractions. In rabbit thoracic aorta, DC caused inhibition of $K^+$-induced contractions at similar concentrations. These results suggest that the extract may exhibit $Ca^{2+}$ channel blocking-like direct relaxant action on cardiac and smooth muscle preperations and this action may be responsible for its hypotensive effect observed in the in vivo studies.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.526-532
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• 1992

The effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on platelet count and function was studied in 20 patients who underwent cardiac operation from April 1991 to August 1991 at the Department of thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Keimyung University. Ten patients were perfused with a bubble oxygenator, 10 with a membrane oxygenator. During and after bypass, platelet counts decreased in both groups and significantly reduced in those perfused with a bubble oxygenator. All 20 patients studied for platelet functions had an abnormal postoperative aggregation response to collagen and epinephrine, but no significant difference in both groups. One hour after bypass, bleeding times increased in both groups but did not differ significantly between groups. Postoperative 24 hour blood losses were significantly higher in patients perfused with a membrane oxygenator. Platelet damage and postoperative blood loss are less severe after cardiopulmonary bypass performed with a membrane oxygenator than with a bubble oxygenator.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.835-839
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• 1985

Spontaneous pneumothorax is the sudden collapse of a lung usually caused by air leaking from a sub-visceral pleural bleb. Response to closed thoracotomy, needle aspiration and simple observation is usually prompt and effective. But in some cases, these are unsuccessful and open thoracotomy is indicated. Author reviewed 37 cases of open thoracotomy in spontaneous pneumothorax experienced in the Dept. of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, since Jan., 1980 to Dec., 1984. The results were as follows: 1. The causes of spontaneous pneumothorax: 73.0% was primary, 27.0% was secondary origin. 2. The most frequent age group of the patient: Between 11 and 30 years old. 3. All of te patient were male. 4. The side of open thoracotomy: 58.8% was right side, 8.8% was both side. 5. The most common indication of open thoracotomy; Persistent air leakage. 6. The most frequent sites of bleb or bullae: A-P segment in the L.U.L. and apical segment in the R.U.L.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.119-130
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• 1996

We review the factors which regulate the depth and composition of the human airway surface liquid (ASL). These include secretion from airway submucosal glands, ion and fluid transport across the surface epithelium, goblet cell discharge, surface tension and transepithelial gradients in osmotic and hydrostatic pressure. We describe recent experiments in which we have used low temperature scanning electron microscopy of rapidly frozen specimens to detect changes in depth of ASL in response to submucosal gland stimulation. We also present preliminary data in which X-ray microanalysis of frozen specimens has been used to determine the elemental composition of ASL.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.7 s.264
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• pp.520-526
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• 2006

Background: The clinical application of cryosurgery the management of lung cancer is limited because the response of lung at low temperature is not well understood. The purpose of this study is to investigate the response of the pulmonary tissue at extreme low temperature. Material and Method: After general anesthesia the lungs of twelve Mongrel dogs were exposed through the fifth intercostal space. Cryosurgical probe (Galil Medical, Israel) with diameter 2.4 mm were placed into the lung 20 mm deep and four thermosensors (T1-4) were inserted at 5 mm intervals from the cryoprobe. The animals were divided into group A (n=8) and group B (n=4). In group A the temperature of the cryoprobe was decreased to $-120^{\circ}C$ and maintained for 20 minutes. After 5 minutes of thawing this freezing cycle was repeated. In group B same freezing temperature was maintained for 40 minutes continuously without thawing. The lungs were removed for microscopic examination on f day after the cryosurgery. In four dogs of the group A the lung was removed 7 days after the cryosurgery to examine the delayed changes of the cryoinjured tissue, Result: In group A the temperatures of T1 and T2 were decreased to the $4.1{\pm}11^{\circ}C\;and\;31{\pm}5^{\circ}C$ respectively in first freezing cycle. During the second freezing period the temperatures of the thermosensors were decreased lower than the temperature during the first freezing time: $T1\;-56.4{\pm}9.7^{\circ}C,\;T2\;-18.4{\pm}14.2^{\circ}C,\;T3\;18.5{\pm}9.4^{\circ}C\;and\;T4\;35.9{\pm}2.9^{\circ}C$. Comparing the temperature-distance graph of the first cycle to that of the second cycle revealed the changes of temperature-distance relationship from curve to linear. In group B the temperatures of thermosensors were decreased and maintained throughout the 40 minutes of freezing. On light microscopy, hemorrhagic infarctions of diameter $18.6{\pm}6.4mm$ were found in group A. The infarction size was $14{\pm}3mm$ in group B. No viable cell was found within the infarction area. Conclusion: The conductivity of the lung is changed during the thawing period resulting further decrease in temperature of the lung tissue during the second freezing cycle and expanding the area of cell destruction.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.531-546
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• 2017

Activation of Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) in articular chondrocytes increases the catabolic compartment and leads to matrix degradation during the development of osteoarthritis. In this study, we determined the proteomic and genomic alterations in human chondrocytes during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and consequences of TLR-4 activation. Human chondrocytes were cultured with LPS for 12, 24, and 36 h to induce TLR-4 activation. The TLR-4-induced inflammatory response was confirmed by real-time PCR analysis of increased interleukin-1 beta ($IL-1{\beta}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$) expression levels. In TLR-4-activated chondrocytes, proteomic changes were determined by two-dimensional electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectroscopy analysis, and genomic changes were determined by microarray and gene ontology analyses. Proteomics analysis identified 26 proteins with significantly altered expression levels; these proteins were related to the cytoskeleton and oxidative stress responses. Gene ontology analysis indicated that LPS treatment altered specific functional pathways including 'chemotaxis', 'hematopoietic organ development', 'positive regulation of cell proliferation', and 'regulation of cytokine biosynthetic process'. Nine of the 26 identified proteins displayed the same increased expression patterns in both proteomics and genomics analyses. Western blot analysis confirmed the LPS-induced increases in expression levels of lamin A/C and annexins 4/5/6. In conclusion, this study identified the time-dependent genomic, proteomic, and functional pathway alterations that occur in chondrocytes during LPS-induced TLR-4 activation. These results provide valuable new insights into the underlying mechanisms that control the development and progression of osteoarthritis.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.237-250
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• 1999

In order to investigate the pharmacologic properties of New Wonbang Woohwangchungsimwon Pill(NSCH), effects of Wonbang Woohwangchungsimwon Pill (SCH) and NSCH were compared using various experimental models. In rat aorta, NSCH and SCH made the relaxation of blood vessels in maximum contractile response to phenylephrine (10-6 M) regardless to endothelium containing or denuded rings of the rat aorta. Furthermore, the presence of the inhibitors of NO synthase and guanylate cyclase did not affect significantly the relaxing effects of NSCH and SCH. NSCH and SCH inhibited the vascular contractions induced by acetylcholine, prostaglandin endoperoxide or peroxide in a dose-dependent manner. In conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), NSCH and SCH decreased significantly heart rate. These, at high doses, had a negative inotropic effects that was a decrease of left ventricular developed pressure and (-dp/dt)/(+dp/dt) in the isolated perfused rat hearts, and also decreased the contractile force and heart rate in the isolated rat right atria. In guinea-pig papillary muscle, these had no effects on parameters of action potential such as action potential amplitude (APA), $V_{max}$ and resting membrane potential (RMP) at low doses, whereas inhibitory the cardiac contractility at high doses. Furthermore, these had a significant inhibitory effects on palpitation of the heart in normotensive rats and SHRs. These had a significant inhibitory effects on palpitation of the heart in normotensive rats and SHRs. These results suggest that NSCH and SCH have weak cardiovascular effects, and that there is no significant differences between cardiovascular effects of two preparations.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.375-382
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• 1999

Growing evidence indicates that enhanced generation or actions of nitric oxide (NO) are implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats and diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. We investigated whether inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in STZ-induced diabetic rats is responsible for the alterations of vascular reactivity. Diabetic state was confirmed 28 days after injection of STZ (i.p) in rats by measuring blood glucose. In order to evaluate whether short term (4 weeks) diabetic state is related with altered vascular reactivity caused by iNOS expression, isometric tension experiments were performed. In addition, plasma nitrite/nitrate (NOx) levels and expression of iNOS in the lung and aorta of control and STZ-treated rats were compared by using Griess reagent and Western analysis, respectively. Results indicated that STZ-treated rats increased the maximal contractile response of the aorta to phenylephrine (PE), and high $K^+,$ while the sensitivity remained unaltered. Endothelium-dependent relaxation, but not SNP-mediated relaxation, was reduced in STZ-treated rats. Plasma nitrite/nitrates are significantly increased in STZ-treated rats compared to controls. The malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of liver, serum, and aorta of diabetic rats were also significantly increased. Furthermore, nitrotyrosine, a specific foot print of peroxynitrite, was significantly increased in endothelial cells and smooth muscle layers in STZ-induced diabetic aorta. Taken together, the present findings indicate that enhanced release of NO by iNOS along with increased lipid peroxidation in diabetic conditions may be responsible, at least in part, for the augmented contractility, possibly through the modification of endothelial integrity or ecNOS activity of endothelium in STZ-diabetic rat aorta.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.61-69
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• 1983

Hypothermia is an essential preparatory procedure for cardiac surgery, which lows the metabolic rate and myocardial oxygen demand. However, hypothermia itself is a stress enough to change the tonus of sympathoadrenal system, especially the cardiovascular responses to the catecholamines. It is reported that the positive chronotropic and inotropic response of catecholamines is exaggerated during hypothermia because of decreased norepinephrine uptake at the junctional cleft or decreased catecholamine metabolism. On the other hand, there are evidences of diminished catecholamines responses in low temperature ana further, interconversion of adrenergic receptors is also suggested. Present investigation was planned to observe the cardiovascular changes and its responses to catecholamines during surface hypothermia in cat. Healthy mongrel cats, weighing $2{\sim}3\;kg$, anesthetized with secobarbital(30 mg/kg), were permitted to hypothermia by external cooling technic. Esophageal temperature, ECG (lead II), heart rate, left ventricular pressure with dP/dt, carotid artery pressure and left ventricular contractile force were monitored with Polygragh (Model 7, Grass), and the respiration was maintained with artificial respirator (V 5 KG, Narco). Followings are summarized results. 1) Surface cooling caused progressive decrease of body temperature and reached $l8.8{\pm}0.8^{\circ}C$ and $16.9{\pm}0.6^{\circ}C$ in 120 and 150 min respectively, after immersion into ice water, and ventricular fibrillation was developed at $20.4{\pm}0.65^{\circ}C$. 2) Heart rate, blood pressure and myocardial contractility were decreased after initial increase as the body temperature falls. 3) Systolic and diastolicdd P/dt of left ventricular pressure were decreased and that the decrement of diastolic dP/dt was more marked. 4) On ECG, ST depression, Twave inversion and prolongation of PR interval were prominent in hypothermia, and moreover, the prolongation of PR interval was marked just prior to the development of ventricular fibrillation. 5) The cardiovascular responses to catecholamines, especially to isoproterenol, were suppressed under hypothermia.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.692-696
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• 2002

Pulmonary artery sarcoma is a rare disease and hard to diagnose; therefore, suspicion is very important for the diagnosis and treatment. Surgical resection is almost always needed because of progressive right heart failure. Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy are still controversial. We report a case of a 42-year-old man who had a right pulmonary arterial tumor Curative resection was impossible because the tumor invaded the left pulmonary artery. Palliative endarterectomy was performed followed by radiation therapy. The patient refused the chemotherapy. Until the postoperative 6th month, the residual tumor was stable. However, 15 months later, follow-up chest computed tomography revealed a metastatic pulmonary nodule at left lower lobe and the increased residual tumor. The patient received chemotherapy with limited tumor response. The metastatic nodule and residual tumor did not increase but bone scan revealed a rib metastasis at postoperative 24 months. He will be receiving additional chemotherapy.