• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.61-65
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• 2002

The experiment was conducted to find out the effect of four feeding systems namely; stall feeding, tethering, restricted grazing and grazing on carcass characteristics of Black Bengal goat. Twenty four does of approximately 1 year of age were randomly selected for four treatments of feeding systems having 6 replications in each. Stall fed goats were kept into house all time and adequate amount of natural grass were supplied for ad libitum feeding. Goats of tethering group were tethered for eating natural grass from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. and were transferred after one hour interval for changing the grazing place. Goats of restricted grazing group were allowed for grazing from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m. Goats of grazing group were grazed for 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Concentrate supplement was given at the rate of 150 g per day per goat for all of the treatment groups. Goats were slaughtered after the experiment of 219 days. Body length and height at wither were significantly higher in stall feeding group than others. Average dressing percentage were 42.18, 39.0, 36.79 and 34.0 for stall feeding, tethering, restricted grazing and grazing groups, respectively. Dressing percentage varied significantly (p<0.05) among feeding groups. Caul fat and empty gut weight differed significantly (p<0.05) in all of the feeding systems but others non-carcass parameters did not differ significantly. Percentage of dry matter and ether extract were also significantly (p<0.05) higher in stall fed groups. In conclusion, among four treatment groups, performance of stall fed goats were most satisfactory and then tethering showed better performance than any other groups.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.1026-1031
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• 2009

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of graded levels of butyric acid (butyrate) on performance, gastrointestinal tract health and carcass characteristics in young broiler chickens. Control starter (0-3 wk) and finisher (4-5 wk) diets were formulated to contain 2,900 kcal ME/kg and 22% CP, and 3,000 kcal ME/kg and 20% CP, respectively. Subsequently, four other experimental diets were formulated to contain 0.05% antibiotic (furazolidone) or 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% butyric acid. Each diet was fed at random to 8 replicates of 6 chicks each throughout the experimental period (0-5 wk). The results showed that 0.4% butyrate in the diet was similar to antibiotic in maintaining body weight gain and reducing E. coli numbers but superior for feed conversion ratio. No added advantage on these parameters was obtained by enhancing the concentration of butyrate from 0.4 to 0.6% in the diet. Feed intake and mortality were not influenced by the dietary treatments. A reduction in pH of the upper GI tract (crop, proventiculus and gizzard) was observed by inclusion of butyrate in the diets of broilers compared to either control or antibiotic-fed group. Butyrate at 0.4% was more effective in reducing the pH than 0.2% butyrate. Within the lower GI tract, 0.4 and 0.6% butyrate was effective in lowering pH in the duodenum, but no effect was found in either the jejunum or ileum. The villus length and crypt depth in the duodenum increased significantly in all the butyrate treated diets irrespective of the level tested. Carcass yield was higher and abdominal fat content was lower significantly in all the butyrate treatment groups compared to the control or antibiotic group. From these findings, it is concluded that 0.4% butyric acid supplementation maintained performance, intestinal tract health, and villi development and carcass quality in broiler chickens.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.1951-1962
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• 2021

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate single cell protein (SCP), produced from Methylococcus species, as a protein source on the growth performance, carcass traits and gut health of broiler chickens. Methods: Ten iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets containing 0 (Control), 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% SCP replacing either soybean meal (T₁ to T₅) or fish meal (T₆ to T₁₀) were formulated. Each diet prepared for starter (0 to 14 days), grower (15 to 21 days), and finisher (22 to 42 days) phases was offered to four replicates of 10 chicks each (n = 400). Growth performance at different phases and carcass characteristics and intestinal morphology on 42nd day of trial were measured. Results: Body weight gain in groups fed 2.5% and 5% SCP diets were comparable to control during different phases and cumulatively, however lower (p<0.01) in 7.5% and 10% SCP diets. Feed conversion ratio was better (p<0.01) in 2.5% and 5% SCP diets. Dressing percentage, abdominal fat percentage and meat:bone ratio were not affected (p>0.05) by SCP inclusion in the diets. However, breast percentage was higher (p<0.01) in 2.5% and 5% SCP groups and thigh percentage higher in 7.5% and 10% SCP groups. Total microbial count in duodenum, jejunum and ileum were not affected (p>0.05) by SCP inclusion up to 10% in diets. Duodenal villi length and crypt depth were highest (p<0.01) in group fed 5% SCP diets and lowest in group fed 10% SCP diets. Jejunal villi length and crypt depth as well as ileal villi length were lowest (p<0.01) in group fed 10% SCP diets. Body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and gut health were better (p<0.01) in broilers fed fish meal based diets compared to soybean meal based diets. Conclusion: It was concluded that inclusion of SCP up to 5% replacing soybean meal in broiler diets is beneficial in improving growth rate, breast yield and gut health status.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1701-1707
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• 2005

This study deals with the characterization of porcine PIK3C3 and association tests with quantitative traits. PIK3C3 belongs to the class 3 PI3Ks that participate in the regulation of hepatic glucose output, glycogen synthase, and antilipolysis in typical insulin target cells such as those in the such as liver, muscle system, and fat. On the analysis of full-length mRNA sequence, the length of the PIK3C3 CDS was recorded as 2,664 bps. As well, nucleotide and amino acid identities between human and pig subjects were 92% and 99%, respectively. Five SNPs were detected over 5 exons. We performed genotyping by using a SNP C2604T on exon24 for 145 F$_2$ animals (from a cross between Korean native boars and Landrace sows) by PCR-RFLP analysis with Hpy8I used to investigate the relationship between growth and fat depot traits. In the total association analysis, which doesn' consider transmission disequilibrium, the SNP showed a significant effect (p<0.05) on body weight and carcass fat at 30 weeks of age as well as a highly significant effect (p<0.01) on back fat. In an additional sib-pair analysis, C allele still showed positive and significant effects (p<0.05) on back fat thickness and carcass fat. Moreover, the effects of C allele on the means of within-family components for carcass fat and back fat were estimated as 2.76 kg and 5.07 mm, respectively. As a result, the SNP of porcine PIK3C3 discovered in this study could be utilized as a possible genetic marker for the selection of pigs that possess low levels of back fat and carcass fat at the slaughter weight.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.865-871
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• 2017

Objective: The aim was to evaluate carcass characteristics, cut yield, and meat quality in lambs that were fed different inclusion levels of palm kernel cake. Methods: Forty-five woolless castrated male Santa $In{\hat{e}}s$ crossbred sheep with an initial average body weight of $23.16{\pm}0.35kg$ were used. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with five treatments, with palm kernel cake in the proportions of 0.0%, 7.5%, 15.0%, 22.5%, and 30.0% with nine replications per treatment. After slaughter, the gastrointestinal tract was weighed when it was full, after which it was then emptied. The heart, liver, kidney, pancreas perirenal fat were also collected and weighed. The carcass was split into two identical longitudinal halves and weighed to determine the quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Results: The empty body weight, carcass weight and yield, and fat thickness decreased linearly (p<0.05) as a function of palm kernel inclusion in the diet. There was no difference (p>0.05) for the rib eye area of animals that were fed palm kernel cake. There was a reduction in the commercial cut weight (p<0.05), except for the neck weight. The weights of the heart, liver, kidney fat, small, and large intestine, and gastrointestinal tract decreased. Nevertheless, the gastrointestinal content was greater for animals that were fed increasing levels of cake. For the other organs and viscera, differences were not verified (p>0.05). The sarcomere length decreased linearly (p<0.05), although an effect of the inclusion of palm kernel cake was not observed in other meat quality variables. It is worth noting that the red staining intensity, indicated as A, had a tendency to decrease (p = 0.050). Conclusion: The inclusion of palm kernel cake up to 30% in the diet does not lead to changes in meat quality characteristics, except for sarcomere length. Nevertheless, carcass quantitative characteristics decrease with the use of palm kernel cake.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1686-1695
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• 2015

Molecular marker selection has been an acceptable tool in the acceleration of the genetic response of desired traits to improve production performance in chickens. The crossbreds from commercial parent stock (PS) broilers with four Thai synthetic breeds; Kaen Thong (KT), Khai Mook Esarn (KM), Soi Nin (SN), and Soi Pet (SP) were used to study the association among chicken growth hormones (cGH) and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) genes for growth and carcass traits; for the purpose of developing a suitable terminal breeding program for Thai broilers. A total of 408 chickens of four Thai broiler lines were genotyped, using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. The cGH gene was significantly associated with body weight at hatching; at 4, 6, 8, 10 weeks of age and with average daily gain (ADG); during 2 to 4, 4 to 6, 0 to 6, 0 to 8, and 0 to 10 weeks of age in $PS{\times}KM$ chickens. For $PS{\times}KT$ populations, cGH gene showed significant association with body weight at hatching, and ADG; during 8 to 10 weeks of age. The single nucleotide polymorphism variant confirmed that allele G has positive effects for body weight and ADG. Within carcass traits, cGH revealed a tentative association within the dressing percentage. For the IGF-I gene polymorphism, there were significant associations with body weight at hatching; at 2, 4, and 6 weeks of age and ADG; during 0 to 2, 4 to 6, and 0 to 6 weeks of age; in all of four Thai broiler populations. There were tentative associations of the IGF-I gene within the percentages of breast muscles and wings. Thus, cGH gene may be used as a candidate gene, to improve growth traits of Thai broilers.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2000

An experiment was conducted to evaluate feeding values of food and other organic wastes, and to determine their dietary effects on performance and carcass yield in ducks. A total of 156 meat type ducklings at the age of 25 days were housed in 12 pens and assigned to 4 treatments, in which the birds were fed for 21 days. One of 4 diets, commercial duck feed, raw food waste (RFW), fermented food waste(FFW) and mixture of 50% RFW and 50% FFW (R+FFW). Feed consumption was significantly higher (p＜0.05) in the RFW groups. Body weight gain showed no significant differences between the control and other treatments. The feed consumption ratio was significantly higher in the RFW groups (p＜0.05) than that of the other groups. Carcass yield was significantly higher in the R+FFW groups (p＜0.05) than the other groups. The weight of liver per live body weight showed significant differences among the treatment groups (p＜0.05). The length of intestine was significantly different from those of the treated groups(p＜0.05).

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.285-289
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• 2015

Body and carcass weights are always being main focus in poultry industry. The aim of current study was to estimate the heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations of growth-related traits in Korean native chicken. A total of 596 chickens representing five lines of Korean native chicken (Black, Gray-Brown, Red-Brown, White, and Yellow-Brown) were reared under the standard breeding procedures in the National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), Korea. Their body weights were observed every two weeks from hatched to 20 weeks of age. In addition, shank length and carcass weight were also measured before and after slaughter, respectively. The ASReml-R program was used to compute genetic parameters. The body weight traits were moderate to high heritability values (ranged 0.29~0.63). The heritablilites of carcass weight ($h^2=0.20$) and shank length ($h^2=0.20$) were categorized as moderate. Moreover, both genetic and phenotypic correlations were ranged form 0.62 to 0.99 and ranged from 0.42 to 0.98, respectively. These findings can be useful information for quantitative genetic studies and breeding plan of Korean native chicken.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 2003

Genetic parameters for growth and carcass traits were estimated on the basis of the data from 3,415 heads of Hanwoo bulls tested at Livestock Improvement Main Center. The data were divided into two groups : the first period group consisted of 1,592 heads of bulls tested in individual pens from 1986 to 1990 and the second period group consisted of 1,823 heads of bulls tested in group pens from 1991 to 1996. The testing period was from 6 to 18 months of age in the first period group and 10 to 22 months of age in the second period group. The average daily gains during 6 to 12 months and 12 to 18 months were 1.01kg and 0.77kg, respectively, in the first period group and 0.80kg and 0.95kg in the second period group, and the compensated growth appeared to have occurred in the second period group. The heritability of body weight at 12 months estimated was 0.37 during the first period and 0.47 during the second period. The heritability of body weight at 18 months was 0.29 during the first period and 0.33 during the second period. The heritability of average daily gain during 6${\sim}$12 months estimated was 0.26 for the first period and 0.33 for the second period. The heritability of average daily gain during 12${\sim}$18 months estimated was 0.11 for the first period and 0.22 for the second period. The heritabilities of body weights and average daily gains estimated tended to be higher in the second period than in the first period. The heritability of body measurements at 12 months during the first period estimated was 0.30 for withers height, 0.25 for rump height, 0.11 for thurls width and 0.13 for chest girth. The heritability of body measurments at 12 months during the second period was 0.53 for withers height, 0.44 for rump height, 0.36 for thurls width and 0.56 for chest girth. The heritabilites of withers height, rump height, thurls width and chest girth at 18 months of age were 0.40, 0.22, 0.12 and 0.21 during the first period and 0.45, 0.42, 0.42 and 0.35 during the second period, respectively. The heritability of carcass traits estimated during the first period was 0.11 for carcass weight, 0.24 for dressing percent, 0.25 for eye muscle area, 0.18 for backfat thickness and 0.21 for carcass length. The heritabilities of carcass weight, dressing percent, eye muscle area, backfat thickness, carcass length and marbling score during the second period estimated were 0.32, 0.52, 0.33, 0.51, 0.58 and 0.31, respectively. The genetic correlations between the first and second periods estimated were higher than 0.8 for chest girth at 12 months, rump height at 18 months, carcass weight and dressing percent, but were lower for other traits.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.1171-1176
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• 1999

The precision and reliability of the Computer Image Analysis technique using a desk top computer for extracting information from carcass cross section scans was evaluated by the repeatability (R) and coefficient of variation (CV) for error variance. The 6th and 7th ribs cross section of carcasses from 55 fattened Japanese Black steers were used. The image analysis was conducted using a desk top computer (Macintosh-Apple Vision 1710 Display) connected to a scanner and an image capture camera. Two software applications, Adobe Photoshop and Mac Scope were used interchangeably. The information extracted and measured were individual muscle area, circumference length, long and short axes lengths, muscle direction; distance between any two muscle centers of gravity; cross section total area, lean, fat, and bone. The information was extracted after the processes of scanning, digitization, masking, muscle separation, and binarization. When using the Computer Image Analysis technique by desk top computer, proper digitization and selection of scanning resolution are very important in order to obtain accurate information. The R-values for muscle area, circumference, long and axes lengths, and direction ranged from 0.95 to 0.99, whereas those of the distance between any two muscle centers of gravity ranged from 0.96 to 0.99, respectively. For the cross section total area, lean, fat, and bone it ranged from 0.83 to 0.99. Excellent repeatability measurements were observed for muscle direction and distance between any two muscle centers of gravity. The results indicate that the Computer Image Analysis technique using a desk top computer for extracting information from carcass cross section is reliable and has high precision.