• 생명과학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.684-692
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• 2011

본 연구는 브로일러의 성장능력을 촉진하기 위한 사료 내 이눌로프리바이오틱스의 적정 첨가수준을 결정하기 위하여 수행하였다. 부화 당일 로스계통(Ross 308)의 브로일러 수컷 320수를 4개의 처리구로 완전임의배치하여 35일 동안 사육하였다. 실험처리구는 대조구(무첨가구), 항생제 첨가구(avilamycin 8 ppm), 이눌로프리바이오틱스 200 ppm 첨가구 및 이눌로프리바이오틱스 250 ppm 첨가구로 구분하였다. 브로일러의 체중과 사료섭취량은 두개의 이눌로프리바이오틱스 첨가구가 대조구, 항생제 첨가구 보다도 높았고, 항생제 첨가구는 대조구에 비해서 높았으며 통계적인 유의차가 인정되었다. 전체 실험기간 동안 사료요구율은 대조구가 이눌로프리바이오틱스 첨가구와 비교할 때 유의하게 높았으나 항생제 첨가구와 이눌로프리바이오틱스 첨가구 사이의 통계적인 유의차는 없었다. 도체중, 도체율, 가슴살, 다리살의 무게는 이눌로프리바이오틱스 첨가구가 대조구, 항생제 첨가구에 비해서 유의하게 높았고, 이눌로프리바이오틱스 200 ppm, 250 ppm 첨가구 사이의 차이는 없었으나 항생제 첨가구는 대조구에 비해서 유의하게 높았다. 복강지방은 이눌로프리바이오틱스 첨가구가 유의하게 감소(19.08~23.30%)하였으며 혈액 면역물질과 흉선, F낭의 무게는 이눌로프리바이오틱스 첨가구가 대조구와 항생제 첨가구에 비해서 유의하게 증가하였다. 장내 유익한 Bifidobacteria와 Lactobacillu는 이눌로프리바이오틱스 첨가구가 대조구와 항생제 첨가구에 비해서 유의하게 증가하였으나 유해한 E. coli와 Salmonella는 그 반대로 나타났으며 통계적인 유의차가 인정되었다. 본 연구는 브로일러의 성장능력 향상을 위한 사료 내 이눌로프리바이오틱스의 적정 첨가수준은 200 ppm에서 결정될 수 있음을 보여준다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권11호
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• pp.1427-1435
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• 2010

The present study was conducted to examine the effect of a stair-stepped feed intake pattern on growth, feed efficiency, and meat quality of Hanwoo steers. Twenty-seven 11-month-old Hanwoo steers were randomly divided into three groups. The control group was fed according to the Korean steer feeding program, and the other two groups were fed according to an alternated feeding schedule of 3-2-4-2 months. During the first three months of the experiment, treatment group 1 (T1) and treatment group 2 (T2) were fed 20% and 30% less than the control group, respectively. For the following two months, the T1 group was fed 20% more than the control group while the T2 group was fed 20% less than the control group. In the third step, T1 and T2 groups were fed 20% and 10% less, respectively, than the control group for four months. In the last two months, T1 and T2 groups were fed 20% more than the control group. After the stair-step feeding trial, steers were fed concentrated feed ad libitum for five months. The altered feed intake pattern did not affect daily body weight gain. However, daily feed intake tended to decrease and growth efficiency tended to increase in the two treatment groups compared to the control group. Altered feed intake also affected blood metabolite levels. The serum glucose and BUN level of the T1 group increased in the first re-fed period compared to the T2 and control groups. The serum cholesterol level of the T2 group decreased in the first restricted-re-fed growth period compared to the T1 and control groups. The serum NEFA levels of the two treatment groups increased from the first restricted period compared to the controls. The serum insulin level of the T2 group increased in the last period compared to the T1 and control groups. Regarding meat yield index, the control group was significantly higher than the T2 group (p<0.05). Regarding meat yield grade, the carcass back fat thickness of the T2 group was significantly higher than the control group (p<0.05). In marbling score, the T1 group was the highest (4.9), followed by the control group (4.1) and the T2 group (4.0). These results indicate that using a stair-stepped growth pattern (T1) can contribute to improvements in growth efficiency and muscle marbling.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.455-462
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the carcass characteristics and nutritional composition of longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle of domestic steer beef (Hanwoo and Holstein born and raised in Korea) and imported beef (Angus imported from Australia, raised for about 6 months in Korea). A total of twelve steers (4 steers per each breed and quality grade 2) were slaughtered, LL muscles were separated and stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. The pH values of Holstein meat were notably higher than those of Hanwoo, and WHC values were similar between Hanwoo and Holstein, but Angus showed some differences. The WHC of the LL muscle from Hanwoo was better than those from Holstein and Angus when stored for fourteen days. The CIE $a^*$, $b^*$, and $h^0$ values of the LL muscle from Hanwoo were significantly higher than those of Angus at day 7 (p<0.05). Oxymyoglobin and metmyoglobin contents were not significantly different among three breeds at days 7 and 14. In the intra-muscular fat contents, the LL muscle of Hanwoo was significantly higher than Holstein, whereas the moisture and ash contents tended to be lower than the others. In mineral contents, P and Zn contents in the LL muscle of Holstein were higher than the other breeds, and K contents was higher in Hanwoo and Holstein meat than Angus.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권8호
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• pp.1034-1042
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• 2010

This study aimed to determine the optimum dietary crude protein level in a typical diet for fattening pigs fed ad libitum under normal climate conditions in Central Vietnam. One hundred and ninety two gilts of Mong Cai local breed (MC), $F_1$ Large White${\times}$Mong Cai and $F_2$ crossbreds of (Landrace${\times}$Mong Cai)${\times}$Large White were used. At the start of the experiment, Mong Cai pigs weighed 12 kg at 11 weeks of age, $F_1$ pigs 12.1 kg at 8 weeks of age and $F_2$ pigs 12.2 kg at 8 weeks of age. Four diets differing in crude protein (CP) content (10.1, 13.1, 16.1 and 18.9% in DM) were formulated from rice bran, corn meal, cassava meal and fish meal. Calculated digestible energy content of the diets ranged from 13.5 to 13.8 MJ per kg DM. Pigs were housed individually in pens of $2.5\;m^2$ each and had ad libitum access to feed in a trough as well as water in bowls. The final weights after a growing period of 150 days were 66, 86 and 96 kg for MC, $F_1$ and $F_2$, respectively. Feed intake of MC pigs was highest at 13.1% CP while $F_1$ and $F_2$ had the highest feed intake at 16.1% CP. The results showed that for MC the maximum gain was obtained at levels between 13 to 16% CP. For the $F_1$ the maximum gain was at dietary protein levels of 16-17%. For $F_2$ the max gain was obtained at CP levels of 16 to 18%. Feed conversion was highest in MC pigs (~4.0) followed by $F_1$ (~3.3) and $F_2$ (~3.1), and within genotypes was lowest at the optimum CP level (p<0.05). Back fat thickness in MC (33.1 mm), $F_1$ (23.0 mm) and $F_2$ (20.5 mm) pigs was different and within genotypes was the lowest at intermediate CP levels. In conclusion, increasing the dietary crude protein contents in practical diets for pigs in Vietnam can increase production on small holder farms. Optimal performance for MC, $F_1$ and $F_2$ pigs is achieved at different dietary crude protein contents.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2002

양적형질 유전자좌위(Quantitative trait loci; QTL) 연관지도 작성을 위해 regression interval mapping method에 의해 Berkshire종과 Yorkshire종간 교배를 통해 생산된 $F_2$ 집단에서 실시하였다. 염색체내 QTL 위치를 결정하기 위해 regression 모델을 통해 계산된 검정통계량(F-statistic)에 대한 유의적인 threshold 수준의 설정은 permutation test 및 Lander와 kruglyak (1995)에 의해 제시된 방법으로 산출하였다. 525두 $F_2$ 개체에 대해 조사된 기록 중 5형질(도체중, 등심 단면적, 근내지방 교잡도, 콜레스테롤 함량, 척추 늑골 등지방 두께) 기록을 분석에 이용하였고 genome 전체에 걸친 125개의 microsatellite marker에 대해 3세대 집단 모두 개체에 대해 유전자형을 조사하였다. 회귀분석 모형에 따라 additive 및 dominance 효과를 추정하였으며 이때 모든 회귀계수 값과 F-검정 통계량은 각각 1cM 단위로 추정하였다. 각 형질별, 염색체별로 10,000회의 permutation에 의해 genome-wise 및 chromosome-wise threshold를 추정하였다. Lander와 Kruglyak(1995)에 의해 제시된 방법으로 산출된 threshold 값은 매우 높게 추정되어 이러한 threshold의 적용시 실제로 QTL 존재 여부를 인정할 수 있는 경우의 수가 permutation에 의해 유도된 threshold를 적용했을 때보다 상대적으로 적은 결과를 보였다. 5% genome-wise threshold의 경우 형질별로 다소 상이한 경향을 나타냈으며 분석에 활용된 5개 형질에 대해 총 4개의 QTL이 5% genome-wise 수준에서 검색되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.1133-1139
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate effects of crude protein (CP) levels in total mixed rations (TMR) on growth performance and meat quality in growing Korean black goats. Thirty-six 6-month-old growing black male goats (initial body weight =17.95${\pm}$0.13 kg) were used. The goats were randomly divided into four treatments and 9 animals were allotted to each treatment. In terms of treatments, CP levels in TMR were 14, 16, 18, and 20% of dry matter (DM) and all diets were isocaloric (2.4 Mcal ME/kg DM). The experiment lasted for 20 weeks with a 15-day adaptation period. After the end of the trial, five goats from each treatment were slaughtered to measure carcass characteristics and meat quality. Average daily gain (ADG) significantly (p<0.05) increased as dietary CP levels increased, but the highest ADG was found on the 18% CP treatment. The higher CP levels in TMR significantly (p<0.05) decreased feed conversion ratio, but the lowest ratio was on the 18% CP treatment, suggesting a higher bioavailability of nutrients by balanced energy and protein levels on this treatment. There was no significant difference in dressing percentage among treatments, but there was a tendency for levels more than 16% CP in TMR to have a comparatively higher dressing percentage than the 14% treatment. The percentages of meat, fat and bone were not significantly influenced by dietary CP levels. Dietary CP levels did not influence chemical composition of goat meat. Furthermore, there was no significant difference among treatments in any of the sensory parameters except for tenderness. Tenderness was similar for 18 and 20% treatments, which were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the 14% treatment. The results from this study suggested that an adequate CP level in TMR for achieving optimal growth performance and meat quality of growing Korean black goats might be 18% of DM, and that dietary CP level above 18% seemed not to further increase growth performance and meat quality.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.165-172
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• 2007

본 시험은 육계에 대한 생균제, 일라이트, 활성탄 및 목초액의 사료적 가치를 평가하기 위하여 생균제 0.2%(T1)와 일라이트(T2), 활성탄(T3) 및 목초액(T4)을 각각 1.0%를 broiler 200수에 급여하여 증체량, 사료 섭취량, pH, 전단력, 관능 평가, 육색 및 지방산 함량을 분석하였다. 증체량은 전기 사료 급여 시에 C보다 T1과 T4에서 유의적으로 높았고, 후기 사료 급여 시는 C와 T4보다 T1, T2 및 T3에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 사료 효율은 처리구간에 유의성이 없었다. 계육의 일반 성분 중 수분과 조단백질 및 조회분은 유의성이 없으며, 조지방은 대조구보다 처리구에서 낮은 함량을 보였다. 가열 감량은 T3와 T4에서 낮았으며, 보수성은 T3와 T4에서 높았다. 관능 평가 결과 연도는 C가 가장 높고 T4가 제일 낮아 연도 개선 효과를 보였다. 육색 중 적색도$(a^*)$ 및 황색도$(b^*)$ 값은 모든 처리구에서 차이가 없었으나, 명도$(L^*)$값은 T1, T2, T3 및 T4에서 대조구보다 높았다(P<0.05). 포화 지방산인 stearic acid 함량은 C보다 T1, T2, T3 및 T4에서 낮았으며, 불포화 지방산인 oleic acid 함량은 대조구보다 처리구에서 높았다(P<0.05). 결론적으로 육계 사료에 목초액을 1% 첨가 급여할 경우 경쟁력 있는 브랜드 계육의 생산이 가능하며, 농가 소득 증대에 크게 기여할 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.94-101
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• 2002

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the feeding value of rancid rice bran in finishing pigs. In exp. 1, fresh (FRB), rancid (RRB), pelleted and extruded rice bran were used to determine stability and nutrient digestibility. The free fatty acid (FFA) values of FRB and RRB were 8.2 and 15.3%, respectively. Some of the FRB was pelleted ($70^{\circ}C$) or extruded ($110^{\circ}C$). In exp. 2, a total of 48 pigs ($Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc$, $51.12{\times}0.5kg$) were employed for a 56-d feeding trial with 3 treatments: Control (defatted rice bran+animal fat), 20% FRB (8.2% FFA), and 20% RRB (15.6% FFA). There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in FFA% between raw and pelleted, and extruded rice bran on d 10 after storage. On d 30 the extruded rice bran showed lower (p<0.05) FFA% than the pelleted one. Dry matter digestibility was higher (p<0.05) in processed rice brans (pelleted or extruded) than raw rice bran (FRB or RRB). Energy and protein digestibilities in extruded rice bran were higher (p<0.05) than those in raw rice brans. The digestibilities of isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine were lower (p<0.05) in RRB than FRB. Pigs fed diets containing FRB grew faster (p<0.05) and showed better feed conversion ratio (p<0.05) than those fed diets containing defatted rice bran or RRB. Carcass characteristics including dressing percentage and backfat thickness were not affected (p>0.05) by dietary treatments. With increasing storage time, the raw pork from RRB showed higher (p<0.05) thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and peroxide value (POV) than those from FRB when stored at $1^{\circ}C$ for 3 weeks. Cooked pork showed rapid increase in TBARS and POV as compared to raw pork regardless of rice bran rancidity. As the storage time passed, Lightness (L) was lower (p<0.05) in RRB than FRB. Redness (a) was higher (p<0.05) in control than rice bran groups when stored 2-3 weeks. However, there was no difference (p>0.05) in redness (a) between the two rice bran groups. In conclusion, feeding rancid rice bran gave negative effects on growth performance and pork quality in finishing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권7호
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• pp.1026-1032
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• 2006

The present experiment was conducted to assess the efficacy of liquid methionine hydroxy analogue-free acid (MHA-FA) in comparison to DL-methionine (DL-Met) in broilers. 567 day-old Avian chicks were divided into 7 treatments with 5 replicates of 16 birds each. During the 35d (7-42 d) experimental periods chicks were given two basal diets. From 7 to 21d of age, a starting basal diet containing 19.5% protein and 0.33% methionine was supplemented with two graded levels of DL-Met (0.070 and 0.160%) or four levels of MHA-FA (0.118, 0.143, 0.221 and 0.268%). From 22 to 42d of age DL-Met (0.050 and 0.080%) or MHA-FA (0.071, 0.074, 0.112 and 0.140%) were added to a finishing basal diet with 18.0% protein and 0.28% methionine. Chicks fed on supplemental DL-Met or MHA-FA had significantly higher (p<0.05) body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the control group from 7-21d of age. During the finishing phase (22-42 d), body weight and weight gain of chicks in DL-Met or MHA-FA treatments were similar to those in the control, but FCR was improved (p<0.05) with supplementation of DL-Met or MHA-FA. Breast yield was higher (p<0.05) on DL-Met or MHA-FA supplemented than un-supplemented diets. The thigh meat yields emanating from diets with DL-Met or MHA-FA were lower (p<0.05) than that in control. Abdominal fat was also higher in broilers fed the control diet than in DL-Met or MHA-FA supplemented treatments. Methionine requirement of broilers was calculated to be 0.44 and 0.35% and cystine requirement was 0.35 and 0.31% for the starting (7-21 d) and finishing phase (22-42 d), respectively. The efficacy of MHA-FA in comparison to DL-Met for weight gain was 64 and 85% and for FCR was 55 and 60% at 7-21 and 22-42 d of age, respectively, while it was 74, 72, 52 and 48% for breast yield, thigh meat production, body energy content and energy deposition ratio at 42 d of age, respectively. In conclusion, in practical diet formulation for broiler chicks the average bioavailability of MHA-FA relative to DL-Met could be considered as 60 and 73% for 7 to 21d and 22 to 42 d of age, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권10호
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• pp.1565-1574
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• 2018

Objective: The aim of the present study was to identify genetic variants based on RNA-seq data, obtained via transcriptome sequencing of muscle tissue of pigs differing in muscle histological structure, and to verify the variants' effect on histological microstructure and production traits in a larger pig population. Methods: RNA-seq data was used to identify the panel of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly related with percentage and diameter of each fiber type (I, IIA, IIB). Detected polymorphisms were mapped to quantitative trait loci (QTLs) regions. Next, the association study was performed on 944 animals representing five breeds (Landrace, Large White, Pietrain, Duroc, and native Puławska breed) in order to evaluate the relationship of selected SNPs and histological characteristics, meat quality and carcasses traits. Results: Mapping of detected genetic variants to QTL regions showed that chromosome 14 was the most overrepresented with the identification of four QTLs related to percentage of fiber types I and IIA. The association study performed on a 293 longissimus muscle samples confirmed a significant positive effect of transforming acidic coiled-coil-containing protein 2 (TACC2) polymorphisms on fiber diameter, while SNP within forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) locus was associated with decrease of diameter of fiber types IIA and IIB. Moreover, subsequent general linear model analysis showed significant relationship of FOXO1, delta 4-desaturase, sphingolipid 1 (DEGS1), and troponin T2 (TNNT2) genes with loin 'eye' area, FOXO1 with loin weight, as well as FOXO1 and TACC2 with lean meat percentage. Furthermore, the intramuscular fat content was positively associated (p<0.01) with occurrence of polymorphisms within DEGS1, TNNT2 genes and negatively with occurrence of TACC2 polymorphism. Conclusion: This study's results indicate that the SNP calling analysis based on RNA-seq data can be used to search candidate genes and establish the genetic basis of phenotypic traits. The presented results can be used for future studies evaluating the use of selected SNPs as genetic markers related to muscle histological profile and production traits in pig breeding.