• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제34권6호
• /
• pp.1029-1037
• /
• 2021

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate effects of antifungal substance and carboxylesterase-producing inoculant on fermentation indices and rumen degradation kinetics of whole crop rice (WCR) silage ensiled at different dry matter (DM) contents. Methods: Dual-purpose inoculants, Lactobacillus brevis 5M2 and Lactobacillus buchneri 6M1, confirmed both activities of antifungal and carboxylesterase in the previous study. The WCR at mature stage was chopped, and then wilted to obtain three different DM contents consisting of 35.4%, 43.6%, and 51.5%. All WCR forages were applied distilled water (CON) or mixed inoculants with 1:1 ratio at 1×105 colony forming unit/g (INO), and ensiled into 20 L mini silo (5 kg) in quadruplicates for 108 d. Results: The INO silages had lower lactate (p<0.001) and butyrate (p = 0.022) with higher acetate (p<0.001) and propionate (p<0.001) than those of CON silages. Ammonia-N (p<0.001), lactate (tendency; p = 0.068), acetate (p = 0.030), and butyrate (p<0.001) concentrations of INO silages decreased linearly with increasing DM content of WCR forage. The INO silages presented higher lactic acid bacteria (p<0.001) with lower molds (p<0.001) than those of CON silages. Yeasts (p = 0.042) and molds (p = 0.046) of WCR silages decreased linearly with increasing DM content of WCR forage. In the rumen, INO silages had higher the total degradable fraction (p<0.001), total volatile fatty acid (tendency; p = 0.097), and acetate (p = 0.007), but lower the fractional degradation rate (p = 0.011) and propionate (p<0.001) than those of CON silage. The total degradable fraction (p<0.001), total volatile fatty acid (p = 0.001), iso-butyrate (p = 0.036), and valerate (p = 0.008) decreased linearly with increasing DM content of WCR forage, while the lag phase (p<0.001) was increased linearly. Conclusion: This study concluded that application of dual-purpose inoculants on WCR silage confirmed antifungal and carboxylesterase activities by inhibiting mold and improving rumen digestibility, while increase of wilting times decreased organic acids production and rumen digestibility.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제36권5호
• /
• pp.720-730
• /
• 2023

Objective: This study investigated the effects of corn silage as a source of microbial inoculant containing antifungal and carboxylesterase-producing bacteria on fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutrient digestibility of fermented total mixed ration (FTMR) with different energy levels. Methods: Corn silage was used as a bacterial source by ensiling for 72 d with an inoculant mixture of Lactobacillus brevis 5M2 and L. buchneri 6M1 at a 1:1 ratio. The corn silage without or with inoculant (CON vs MIX) was mixed with the other ingredients to formulate for low and high energy diets (LOW vs HIGH) for Hanwoo steers. All diets were ensiled into 20 L mini silo (5 kg) for 40 d in quadruplicate. Results: The MIX diets had lower (p<0.05) acid detergent fiber with higher (p<0.05) in vitro digestibilities of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber compared to the CON diets. In terms of fermentation characteristics, the MIX diets had higher (p<0.05) acetate than the CON diets. The MIX diets had extended (p<0.05) lactic acid bacteria growth at 4 to 7 d of aerobic exposure and showed lower (p<0.05) yeast growth at 7 d of aerobic exposure than the CON diets. In terms of rumen fermentation, the MIX diets had higher (p<0.05) total fermentable fraction and total volatile fatty acid, with lower (p<0.05) pH than those of CON diets. The interaction (p = 0.036) between inoculant and diet level was only found in the immediately fermentable fraction, which inoculant was only effective on LOW diets. Conclusion: Application of corn silage with inoculant on FTMR presented an antifungal effect by inhibiting yeast at aerobic exposure and a carboxylesterase effect by improving nutrient digestibility. It also indicated that fermented feedstuffs could be used as microbial source for FTMR. Generally, the interaction between inoculant and diet level had less effect on this FTMR study.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제44권4호
• /
• pp.460-466
• /
• 2012

T-2와 HT-2 독소는 type A trichothecene계 곰팡이독소에 속하는 식품 오염물질이나, 국내의 경우 기준치 설정과 분석법의 확립이 요구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 T-2와 HT-2 독소의 분석법 확립에 도움이 되고자 옥수수와 현미 시료에 존재하는 carboxylesterase에 의한 T-2 독소의 탈아세틸화가 GC 및 HPLC에 의한 T-2와 HT-2 독소 분석치에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 옥수수와 현미 시료로부터 제조된 carboxylesterase 조효소원에 의한 T-2 독소의 HT-2 독소로의 전환 정도를 살펴본 결과, 15분 이내에 84-86%의 HT-2 독소가 급격히 형성되었고, 30분 이후에는 93-95%로 증가한 후 일정하게 유지되었다. 시료에 존재하는 효소의 불활성화 여부가 분석치에 미치는 영향을 살펴보면, 효소를 불활성화 시킨 시료에서는 T-2 독소가 60-107% 검출되었고 HT-2 독소가 검출되지 않은 반면, 효소를 불활성화 시키지 않은 시료에서는 T-2 독소가 0-9% 검출되었고 HT-2 독소가 77-121% 생성되었다. 추출용매 및 추출방법에 따른 T-2 독소의 탈아세틸화를 살펴본 결과, methanol/water 80:20으로 추출한 경우에는 T-2 독소가 84-108% 검출되었다. 곰팡이독소의 동시분석을 위해 PBS로 1차 추출한 다음 methanol로 추출할 때, 효소를 불활성화 시킨 시료에서는 T-2 독소가 60-87% 검출되었고 HT-2 독소가 검출되지 않았다. 반면, 효소를 불활성화 시키지 않은 시료에서는 T-2 독소가 검출되지 않았고 HT-2 독소가 37-66% 생성되었다. 이러한 결과는 옥수수와 현미 시료에 존재하는 carboxylesterase에 의해 T-2 독소가 탈아세틸화되어 T-2와 HT-2 독소를 각각 정량분석할 때 분석치에 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 것을 시사한다.

• 한국패류학회지
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.39-45
• /
• 1996

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to reveal the esterase isozyme patterns of a freshwater snail, Semisulcospira gottschei, in the lake Uiam. From the result with inhibitors, it is tentatively concluded that four types (arylesterase, carboxylesterase, acethylesterase, acethylcholinesterase)of the adult(means of allele per locus=1.16, %polymorphism=16.7, heterozygosity=0.082)was lower than the juveniles(A=1.7, %P=16.7, H$\sub$D/=0.2215).

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• 제6권3_4호
• /
• pp.105-121
• /
• 1991

The object of this study is to investigate the toxicity of fenvalerate [(RS)-$\alpha$-cyano-3 -phonoxybenzyl-(RS)-2-(4-ch1orophenyl)-3-methylbutyrate] and the effect of carbaryl on the toxicity of fenvalerate. Rats were treated with fenvalerate (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg), carbaryl (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg) or mixtures of the two compounds (fenvalerate+carbaryl: 50 mg/kg+50 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg+100 mg/kg) by oral administration for 1~3 weeks. Control groups were treated with corn oil. The experimental results were summarized as follows. 1. LD$_{50}$ values of fenvalerate and carbaryl in male rats were 385 mg/kg and 625 mg/kg respectively. When 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of carbaryl were administratrd, LD$_{50}$values of fenvalerate were 265 mg/kg and 225 mg/kg respectively. 2. Biochemical parameters such as ALT, LDH and glucose in serum were much more increased in the groups treated with mixture than the groups treated with either one of fenvalerate or carbaryl. 3. The groups treated with carbaryl and mixture for 3 weeks, the contents of cytochrome P-450 in the liver were significantly increased. In renal microsomal fractions, however, no significant changes of drug metabolizing enzyme activities were observed. 4. The activities of aniline hydroxylase in hepatic microsomal fractions were increased in the groups treated with fenvalerate and mixture and activity was much more increased in the groups treated with mixture. 5. The activities of ATPase in the groups treated with fenvalerate were decreased than that of groups treated with mixture. TBA values and the activity of glucose-6 -phosphatase in the liver were not significantly changed. 6. In mixture treated groups, the activities of cholinesterase in serum and in the liver were more decreased than those of carbaryl treated groups. The activities of carboxylesterase in serum in the liver were slightly increased in mixture treated groups, but in fenvalerate treated groups, the activities of carboxylesterase were much more increased than those of control groups. 7. As a result of this study, when carbaryl was as the synergist of fenvalerate, carbaryl inhibited the activities of esterases, so the toxicity of fenvalerate was increased.sed.

• 한국연초학회지
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.49-56
• /
• 1999

Classification of esterase isozymes of the apterous green peach aphids (Myzus persicae Sulzer) collected in tobacco fields were investigated by the native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). A total of twelve esterase bands were identified in adult apterous aphid, and the difference of enzyme band activity in the clones was observed at the first and second bands group. Esterases of green peach aphids reacted with specific substrate were more stained $\alpha$-naphthyl acetate than $\alpha$-naphthyl propionate, and $\alpha$-naphthyl acetate more than $\beta$-naphthyl acetate. Twelve esterases on the basis of inhibition by the three types of inhibitors (organophosphates: 2.5$\times$10$^{-3}$ M paraoxon, 4$\times$10$^{-3}$ M DFP; eserine sulfate : 2$\times$10$^{-3}$ M eserin; sulfhydryl reagents: 2$\times$10$^{-3}$ M p-HMB) were classified into three class, namely, cholinesterase (ChE) I, II, carboxylesterase (CE) and arylesterase (ArE), and these classes contained 3, 4, 3 and 2 isozymes, respectively.

• 한국연초학회지
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.80-86
• /
• 1998

Changes in activity and classification of esterase isozymes during the tire cycle or Plodia inteipunctella (Hiibner) were investigated by the native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The stage specificity in esterase activity and isozyme pattern was observed throughout the larvalpupal-adult transformation. The activity esterase was highest at the 3-day old adult stage, and the lowest level at the prepupal stage. A total of 12 esterase bands were identified throughout the development, and the bands showing high enzyme activity was observed in the middle part of gel. Twelve esterases on the basis of inhibition by the three types of inhibitors (organophosphates, eserine sulfate and sulfhydryl reagents) were classified into three class, namely, carboxylesterase (CE), arylesterase (ArE) and cholinesterase (ChE), and these classes contained 7, 3 and 2 isozymes, respectively.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.303-308
• /
• 2001

The potential for a given anticholinesterase pesticide to exhibit age-related toxicity is essential information for an accurate and proper risk assessment of that compound. This investigation was designed to study the age-related toxicity of active metabolites of four organophosphates using in vitro detoxification measurement. The blood samples were collected from 1 month and 18 months old rats. The $IC_{50}$ values of mouse brain recombinant AChE of chlorpyrifos-oxon, diazoxon, malaoxon and paraoxon were 10.35, 112.84, 151.28 and 18.43 nM, respectively. When the plasma of young rats, and $CaCI_2$were added, the $IC_{50}$ values of mouse brain recombinant AChE of chlorpyrfos-oxon, diazoxon, malaoxon and paraoxon were 31.89, 164.25, 139.94 and 16.36 nM, respectively. The $IC_{50}$ values of mouse brain recombinant AChE of chlorpyrifos-oxon, diazoxon, malaoxon and paraoxon were changed to 136.840, 1244.45, 654.54 and 52.66 nM by A-esterases In adult rats. These results suggest that four organophosphates have a potential toxicity to exhibit age-related sensitivity.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
• /
• 제45권1호
• /
• pp.63-70
• /
• 2017

독도 해저 2,000 미터 퇴적토를 이용한 메타게놈 유전자 은행의 60,672 클론을 기름 성분 tributyrin이 첨가된 배지에서 스크리닝 하였다. 활성을 가진 클론에서 EstES1 유전자를 선발하였다. EstES1은 553개 아미노산으로 구성된 분자량 59.4 kDa 단백질로, 가장 높은 유사성은 Haliangium ochraceum의 carboxylesterase와 44%이었다. EstES1 서열 내부에는 carboxylesterase의 전형적인 penta-peptide motif, catalytic triad 및 N-terminal 부위 37개의 leader sequence가 존재했다. 서열기반 계통분석 결과, EstES1은 신규한 esterase 임을 보여주었다. EstES1 효소의 leader 서열을 제거한 재조합 수용성 RLES1 효소는 탄소 2-12까지 포함된 long acyl ethyl ester 기질을 모두 이용할 수 있지만, p-Nitrophenyl butyrate (C4)에 가장 높은 활성과 turn-over 값을 보였다. 최적 활성은 $45^{\circ}C$, pH 9.0이다(specific activity 255.4 U/mg). 또한 강알칼리 상태인 pH 10.5까지 80% 이상의 활성이 유지되었다. EstES1의 활성은 $60^{\circ}C$에서 내열성을 보여, 1시간 동안 활성을 100% 유지할 수 있다. 효소 활성은 여러 종류의 유기용매 하에서도 안정하게 유지되었다. 따라서, EstES1은 배양이 불가능한 난배양 미생물로부터 유래된 신종 효소 유전자로서, 고온의 지방산 가수분해, 알칼리 상태나유기용매가 존재하는 여러 공정분야에 활용될 수 있다.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.47-54
• /
• 1989

동양종(東洋種)꿀벌 (Apis cerana F.)에 대(對)한 살충제(殺蟲劑)의 독성(毒性) 및 해독능력(解毒能力)을 조사(調査)하고 농약한계 사용량 결정에 기여하기 위하여 7가지 대표적인 살충제의 꿀벌에 대한 독성 및 해독효소의 활성을 조사하였다. 효소 활성은 해독효소로 알려진 microsomal oxidases, glutathione S-transferasecs, esterase와 DDT-dehydrochlorinase를 조사했고 성충(成蟲)일벌의 중장(中腸)을 사용하여 측정하였다. $LC_{50}$치의 측정 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 공시 살충제중 DDT가 19ppm으로 독성(毒性)이 가장 낮았고 EPN이 0.75ppm으로 독성(毒性)이 가장 강(强)했다. 2. 준치사농도(準致死濃度)의 농약(農藥)이 성충(成蟲)일벌의 microsomal oxidase에 미치는 영향은 malathion 및 demeton S-methyl 처리가 aldrin epoxidase활성을 저해시켰고 N-demethylase활성은 carbayl 처리구에서 증대(增大)되었다. 3. Glutathione S-transferase(DCNB conjugation)활성은 diazinon과 malathion처리구에서 증대되었다. 4. Esterase는 malathion 및 permethrin처리구에서 ${\alpha}-NA$ esterase 활성(活性)의 저해(沮害)를 보였고 carboxylesterase와 AchE 활성은 거의 영향이 없었다. 5. DDT-dehydrochlorinase 활성은 carbaryl, malathion과 demeton S-methyl 처리구에서 저해를 보였다.