• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.147-152
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of packaging on the aroma stability of curry powder during storage. The Volatile flavor compounds from curry powders packed with laminated film or vinyl were analyzed by the solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry during in storage at $25^{\circ}C$ for 13 weeks. Forty-eight compounds, comprising 36 terpenes, 5 alcohols, 4 benzenes, 2 carbonyl compounds, and 1 ester, were identified from the curry powders. The main volatile compounds were cuminaldehyde, anethole, and eugenol. The Volatile compounds of curry powder packed with laminated film were maintained unchanged during in the storage, whereas those packed in vinyl were decreased during the storage. The amounts of p-cymene, cuminaldehyde, anethole, and (E)-caryophyllene from curry powder packed with laminated film were maintained during storage, while those packed with vinyl decreased gradually. The aroma stability of eugenol was unaffected by packaging. The results indicates that curry powder is best packaged in with laminated film to maintain the aroma stability during storage.

• 분석과학
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.78-84
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 양성 및/또는 음성 이온 방식으로 저에너지 충돌-유발 분해(CID)를 이용한 serine protease 저해제인 camostat 와 그것의 분해산물인 4-(4-guanidinobenzoyloxy)phenylacetic acid (GBPA)의 분해 패턴을 전자분무 소스가 있는 사중극자 텐덤 질량분석기(ESI-MS/MS)를 이용하여 최초로 조사하였다. Camostat의 양이온 CID 질량 스펙트럼 분석결과, 분자구조내 에스테르 결합을 이루는 카르보닐 기와 산소 원자사이의 단일 결합(C-O) 분해가 우선적으로 일어나고, guanidine 기의 초기 손실보다는 N,Ndimethylcarbamoylmethyl기의 초기 손실이 더 잘 일어난다는 것이 특징적으로 확인되었다. GBPA의 양이온 CID 스펙트럼의 경우는, 4-guanidinobenzoyloxy 기에 있는 카르보닐 기와 산소원자 사이의 초기 분해가 일어나서 m/z 145에서 가장 강도가 높은 피크를 만들었다. 반면에, GBPA의 음이온 스펙트럼은 m/z 312의 모분자 이온에서 $CO_2$와 NH=C=NH의 순차적인 중성 손실로 인하여 m/z 226의 가장 강도가 높은 피크가 특징적으로 생성되었다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.93-105
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• 1990

Semicarbazone formation of nine monosubstituted benzaldehydes was studied kinetically in 20% methanol buffer solution at 15, 25, 35, and $45^{circ}C$. The rate of p-nitrobenzaldehyde semicarbazone formation is 2.7 times as fast as that of benzaldehyde, while p-hvdroxybenzaldehyde is 3.6 times as slow as that of benzaldehyde. Activation energies for p-chlorobenzaldehyde, benzaldehyde, p-methylbenzaldehyde, p-methoxybenzaldshyde, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde semicarbazone formation are calculated as 5.80, 6.19, 6.57, 7.06, 8.03, and 6.46 kcal/mol respectively. It is concluded from the effect of ionic strength that the reaction is affected by not ions but neutral molecules involving hydrogen bonding between oxygen atom of carbonyl group and hydrogen atom of acid-catalyst, and concerted attack of the necleophilic reagent, free base on carbonyl compound. Also, the effect of solvent composition is small in 20% and 50% methanol (and ethanol) aqueous solutions. The ${\rho}-{\sigma}$ plots for the rates of semicarbazone formation at pH 7.1 show a linear ${\rho}-{\sigma}$ relationship (${\rho}=0.14l$, in contrast to that at pH 2.75 and pH 5.4 corresponding to ${\rho}-{\sigma}$ correlations reparted by Jencks. The rate of semicarbazone formation at pH 5.4 show a relationship which is convex upward, resulting in a break in the curve but at pH 2.75, slight difference from a linear relationship. As a result of studying citric acid catalysis, second-order rate constants increase linearly with citric acid concentration and show a 2 times increase as the catalyst concentration is varied from 0.025 to 0.1 mol/1 at pH 2,9, but slight increase at pH 5.3. The rate-determining step is addition below pH 5 but is dehydration between pH 5 and 7. Conclusively, the rate-determining step of the reaction changes from dehydration to addition in respect to hydrogen ion activity near pH 5. The ortho: para rate ratio of the hydroxybenzaldehydes for semicarbazone formation is about 17 at $15^{\circ}C$. It is concluded that the results constitute strong evidence in favor of greater stabilization of p- than o-hydroxybenzaldehyde by substituent which donate electrons by resonance and is due to hydrogen bonding between the carbon-bound hydrogen of the-CHO group and the oxygen atom of the substituent.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.271-278
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• 2006

RPSO, SO, PNO의 3종 향미유에 대하여 로즈마리 유기 용매 추출물과 비교군으로 토코페롤을 각각 1,000ppm씩 동량으로 적용하여 60${\pm}$2$^{\circ}C$의 항온기에 저장하여 AV, POV 및 카르보닐 화합물 생성량의 변화 양상을 측정하였다. 이들 향미유의 AV, POV측정 과정에서는 고유의 색상으로 인하여 상대적으로 측정 오차가 크게 발생하였으며, 토코페롤은 AV, POV, 카르보닐 화합물 생성량 등 각종 측정 항목에서 항산화제로서의 역할보다는 오히려 산화 촉진제로 작용하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 전체적으로 chloroform/MeOH 추출물 처리의 저장 안정성의 향상 효과가 가장 우수하였으며, 측정 항목 및 추출물별 저장 안점성의 향상 효과는 다음과 같았다. 즉, AV는 chloroform/ MeOH 추출물>ethyl alcohol 추출물>열수 추출물>ethyl acetate 추출물>acetone 추출물>무처리군>토코페롤 처리군이었으며, POV는 chloroform/MeOH 추출물>ethyl alcohol추출물${\geq}$ethyl acetate 추출물>acetone 추출물${\geq}$열수 추출물>무처리군>토코페롤 처리군이었고, 카르보닐 화합물 생성량은 chloroform/ MeOH 추출물>ethyl acetate추출물>ethyl alcohol 추출물>열수 추출물>acetone 추출물>무처리군>토코페롤 처리군의 순이었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.311-316
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• 2004

비타민-C를 다량 함유하고 있는 생열귀나무의 자원화를 위한 연구로서 페놀성 화합물의 함량 및 사람의 저밀도지방단백질의 산화에 대한 항산화 활성을 측정하였다. 생열귀나무 추출물의 페놀성 화합물 함량을 측정한 결과, 모든 부위에서 100g당 8.3-10.6g으로 매우 높은 양을 함유하고 있었다. 또한, 생열귀나무 추출물 및 분획물에 대한 항산화 물질의 함량을 측정 한 결과, 생열귀나무 뿌리 메탄올 추출물과 뿌리의 에틸아세테이트 및 부탄을 분획물이 285nm에서 흡수를 나타내는 페놀성 화합물을 다량 함유하고 있음을 확인하였다. TBARS에 의한 LDL산화 억제효과 측정시, 생열귀나무 뿌리의 메탄올 추출물이 가장 좋은 효과를 나타내었다. 생열귀나무 뿌리의 에틸아세테이트 및 부탄을 분회물의 경우, $30\;{\mu}g/mL$ 첨가시 85.3% 및 93.2%까지 LDL 산화를 억제함을 확인하였다. 또한 $CHCl_3$ 분획물, EtOAc 분획물, 그리고 BuOH 분획물은 $30\;{\mu}g/mL$ 분획물 첨가시 $Cu^{2+}$에 의한 LDL 산화를 8시간까지 억제함을 확인하였다. $Cu^{2+}$에 의한 apoB carbonylation과 conjugate diene형성 억제효과 측정시, EtOAc 분획물과 BuOH 분회물이 가장 탁월하게 억제함을 보여주었다. 생열귀나무는 다량의 페놀성 화합물을 함유하고 있으며 항산화 활성이 매우 탁월하므로 새로운 기능성식품 소재로의 활용이 기대되는 약용식물자원이다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.517-523
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• 2013

Naphthyridine compounds are important, because they exhibit various biological activities including anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activity. Some naphthyridines have antimitotic effects or demonstrate anticancer activity by inhibiting topoisomerase II. These compounds have been investigated as potential anticancer agents, and several compounds are now part of clinical trials. A series of naphthyridine derivatives were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activities against human cervical cancer (HeLa), leukemia (HL-60), and prostate cancer (PC-3) cell lines using an MTT assay. Some compounds (14, 15, and 16) were more potent than colchicine against all three human cancer cell lines and compound (16) demonstrated potency with $IC_{50}$ values of 0.7, 0.1, and $5.1{\mu}M$, respectively. Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) were used for quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) molecular modeling of these compounds. We obtained accurate and predictive three-dimensional QSAR (3D-QSAR) models as indicated by the high PLS parameters of the HeLa ($q^2$, 0.857; $r^2$, 0.984; $r^2\;_{pred}$, 0.966), HL-60 ($q^2$, 0.777; $q^2$, 0.937; $r^2\;_{pred}$, 0.913), and PC-3 ($q^2$, 0.702; $q^2$, 0.983; $r^2\;_{pred}$, 0.974) cell lines. The 3D-QSAR contour maps suggested that the C-1 NH and C-4 carbonyl group of the naphthyridine ring and the C-2 naphthyl ring were important for cytotoxicity in all three human cancer cell lines.

• 임산에너지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.28-34
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• 2001

목재가 셀룰로오스, 헤미셀룰로오스, 리그닌의 주요 3성분이 고분자로 되어 있는 것에 비하여, 추출성분은 분자량이 많아도 1000 정도의 저분자이다. 따라서 목재를 가열할 때 대부분의 추출성분과 주요 3성분이 열분해를 시작하기 전에 휘발되기도 하며, 열분해를 일으켜 소실되기도 한다. 주요 3성분에서 헤미셀룰로오스가 180℃ 전후에서 최초로 열분해를 시작하고 그 다음 셀룰로오스가 240℃에서, 리그닌은 280℃에서 열분해 되기 시작한다. 목재는 열분해 되면서 연기를 발생하는데 이것을 공기 냉각기에 의하여 액화시켜 유출액을 얻을 수 있다. 이 유출액을 장시간 정치하면 두층으로 나뉘게 되는데 상층의 수용성을 목초액, 하층의 비중이 높은 유성물이 타르이다. 기계식 탄화로에서 생산된 침엽수 목초액의 화학성분을 분석한 결과, 목초액의 알코올과 산은 메탄올은 0.12%, 초산은 0.8%로 분석되었으며, 산도는 0.85 이었다. 목초액 특유의 냄새성분으로 다량존재하는 화합물은 furfural, 5-methyl-2-furancarboxyaldehyde, 2,3-pentanedione, 2-butanol, 2,3-dihydrofuran, 1-(2-furanyl)-ethanone, benzaldehyde, 2-furancarboxyaldehyde, 2-methoxyphenol, acetic acid 등이 분석되었다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.59-67
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• 1991

The reactions of semicarbazide hydrochloride with aliphatic and alicyclic ketones were studied kinetically at 15, 25, 35 and 45$^{\circ}C$ in 20% ethanol solution buffered at pH 2.9. The rate of cyclohexanone semicarbazone formation is 5.5 times as fast as that of cyclopentanone semicarbazone, while 3-pentanone semicarbazone is 4.7 times as slow as that of 2-pentanone, The activation energy of cyclohexanone, 2-pentanone, 2 hexanone, cyclopentanone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone and 3-pentanone semicarbazone formation are calculated 5.08, 7.52, 8.79, 9.59, 9.49, 11.59, respectively. It is concluded from the effect of ionic strength that the reaction is affected by not ion but neutral molecules being progressed hydrogen bond between oxygen atom of carbonyl group and hydrogen atom of acid-catalyst and concerted nucleophilic attack of free base on the carbonly compound. Dependence on pH of the rate of 2-pentanone semicarbozone formation is linear relationship below pH 4.60 and above pH 5.60. As a result of studing citric acid catalysis, second order constants increase linearly with citric acid concentration. As the catalyst concentration is varied from 0.025 to 0.10 mol/1 at pH 2.90, the rate constants increase 1.4 times, but slight increase is observed at pH 5.60. Conclusively, the rate-determining step is formation of tetrahedral interemediate below pH 4.65 and dehydration between pH 5.60 and pH 7.11. It is concluded that the formation reaction of cyclohexanone semicarbazone is faster than cyclopentanone semicarbazone due to the steric strain in the process of forming tetrahedral intermediate.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제3권6호
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• pp.631-640
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• 1999

The present study investigated the stimulatory effects of iron (or ascorbate) on cyclosporine-induced kidney mitochondrial damage. Damaging effect of $50\;{\mu}M$ cyclosporine plus $20\;{\mu}M\;Fe^{2+}$ on mitochondrial lipids and proteins of rat kidney and hyaluronic acid was greater than the summation of oxidizing action of each compound alone, except sulfhydryl oxidation. Cyclosporine and $100\;{\mu}M$ ascorbate showed an enhanced damaging effect on lipids but not on proteins. The peroxidative action of cyclosporine on lipids was enhanced with increasing concentrations of $Fe^{2+}.$ Ferric ion $(20\;{\mu}M)$ also interacted with cyclosporine to stimulate lipid peroxidation. Damaging action of cyclosporine on mitochondrial lipids was enhanced by ascorbate $(100\;{\mu}M\;and\;1\;mM)$. Iron chelators, DTPA and EDTA, attenuated carbonyl formation induced by cyclosporine plus ascorbate. Cyclosporine $(100\;{\mu}M)$ and $50\;{\mu}M\;Fe^{2+}$ $(or\;100\;{\mu}M\;ascorbate)$ synergistically stimulated degradation of $2-{\alpha}$ deoxyribose. Cyclosporine $(1\;to\;100\;{\mu}M)$ reduced ferric ion in a dose dependent manner, which is much less than ascorbate action. Addition of $Fe^{2+}$ caused a change in absorbance spectrum of cyclosporine in $230{\sim}350$ nm of wavelengths. The results show that cyclosporine plus iron (or ascorbate) exerts an enhanced damaging effect on kidney mitochondria. Iron and ascorbate appear to promote the nephrotoxicity induced by cyclosporine.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.38-45
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• 2009

Since the seventies and the oil crisis, energy-saving measures have led to a reduction in the ventilation of room. The use of synthetic materials which emit various chemical substances had led to an increase in the concentration of indoor pollutants. "Sick building syndrome (SBS)" and "Sick house syndrome (SHS)" are worldwide problems. Also, the number of complaints about indoor air pollution caused by VOCs (Volatile organic compound) and HCHO (Formaldehyde) has increased. It is important that evaluating and understanding emission of indoor air pollutant from building materials. The object of this study was to evaluate emission test method for flooring such as wood based flooring, carpet tile, rubber tile, PVC sheet and tile, and to determine emission of TVOC and form-aldehyde. The quantity of TVOC and carbonyl compounds emission were sampled and measured by Tenax TA and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MSD), 2,4-DNPH cartrige with ozone scrubber and high performance liquid from flooring. The TVOC concentration emitted from carpet tile was ($7.419\;mg/m^2 h$) the highest among 5 groups of test materials. In wood based flooring and PVC tile, the emitted concentration of toluene was high. And the dodecane emission was highest in carpet. The concentration of TVOC decreased by an increase in emission test period. After 7 days, the concentration of TVOC from floorings were about 50% below of the concentration at the first day. TVOC emission from wood based flooring, carpet tile, rubber tile, PVC sheet and tile were decreased in 28 days and remained steady after about 15 days. The concentration of formaldehyde emission from floorings showed extremely low.