• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.231-238
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• 1994

연구배경: 저산소증에 의한 폐동맥수축의 기전은 저산소증 자체가 폐혈관 평활근에 직접 작용하여 수축을 유발한다는 것과, 저산소증에 의해 조직으로 부터 여러 매개물질이 유리되어 혈관평활근을 수축시킨다는 설이 제시되고 있지만 정확히 밝혀져있지 않다. 최근에는 저산소증이 EDRF의 생성을 억제하여 혈관수축을 유발시킨다고하여 관심이 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 흰쥐 폐동맥에서 내피세포 의존형 혈관이완을 조사하고, 저산소증에 의한 폐동맥수축에 EDRF의 작용을 조사하였다. 방법 : 300~350g의 수컷 흰쥐(Sprague Dawley)의 폐동맥을 박리하여 길이가 2mm되는 폐동맥고리를 Krebs용액으로 채워져 있으며, 95% $O_2$/5% $CO_2$(산소상태)와 95% $N_2$/5% $CO_2$(저산소상태)가 각각 공급되는 magnus관에서 가는 stainless 갈고리로 고정한 다음 Gilson사의 polygraph에 부착된 isometric transducer(FT.03 Grass, Quincy, USA)에 의해 등장성 수축곡선을 그리도록 장치하였다. 결과: 1) 내피세포가 있는 폐동맥에서 PE($10^{-6}M$)에 의한 혈관수축은 Ach($10^{-9}-10^{-5}M$) 및 SN($10^{-9}-10^{-5}M$)의 농도에 비례해서 이완되어 거의 기초장력까지 이완되었으나, 내피세포를 제거한 폐동맥에서는 Ach($10^{-9}-10^{-5}M$)에 의한 혈관이완은 거의 상실되었다. 2) L-NMMA($10^{-4}M$)으로 전처치한 경우 Ach($10^{-9}-10^{-5}M$)에 의한 혈관이완은 전처치하지 않은 경우보다 의미있게 감소하였다. 3) L-arginine($10^{-4}M$)과 L-NMMA($10^{-4}M$)을 전처치 하였을 경우 Ach($10^{-9}-10^{-5}M$)에 의한 혈관이완은 L-NMMA에 의해 거의 영향을 받지 않았다. 4) PE($10^{-6}M$)에 의한 폐동맥 수축은 산소상태보다 저산소 상태에서 훨씬 강했으며, Ach($10^{-9}-10^{-5}M$)에 의한 혈관이완은 산소상태보다 저산소상태에서 의미있게 감소하였다. 5) L-arginine($10^{-4}M$)을 전처치 하였을 경우 저산소상태에서의 Ach($10^{-9}-10^{-5}M$)에 의한 혈관이완은 산소상태에서의 Ach 에 의한 혈관이완 정도로 회복되었다. 결론: 흰쥐 폐동맥에서 내피세포의존성 혈관이완은 NO가 관여하며, 저산소증에 의한 폐동맥 수축은 내피세포내의 EDRF 생성의 저하와 관련이 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.37-60
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• 1983

The uterus receives adrenergic terminals from the mesenteric ganglia and considerably large amount of catecholamines have been shown to be contained in this organ. On the other hand, the activities of epinephrine, norepinephrine or adrenergic nerve on uterine motility is so complicated that many controversial results have been reporter. Recently, a large number of reports concerning the changes of uterine catecholamines content have appeared, but little is known about the role of uterine catecholamines in their activities on uterine motility. The present experiments were undertaken to determine the significance of the intrinsic uterine catecholamines in the physiology of uterus. Female albino rabbits weighing approximately 2 kg were employed in this experiment. uterine strip3 were prepared and suspended in a constant temperature $bath(38^{\circ}C)$ containing 100 ml of Locke's solution aerated with 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide. Spontaneous motility was recorded on a smoked drum with an isotonic lever. The catecholamines concentration of the uterus was determined according to the Procedure described of Shore and Olin (1958). Human uterus obtained from patients was also used to determine the catecholam ines content of myometrium. Followings are summarized results. 1) On the non-pregnant rabbit uterine strips, epinephrine and norepinephrine significantly elevated the tonus and stimulated the spontaneous motility. Pretreatment with dichloroisoproterenol(DCI), an adrenergic beta-receptor blocker, enhanced the stimulatory activity of epinephrine or norepinephrine. On the other hand, pretreatment with dibenamine, an adrenergic alpha-receptor blocker, rendered the uterine muscle to exhibit inhibition after the administration of epinephrine or norepinephrine. Following the treatment with both DCI and dibenamine, epinephrine or norepinephrine produced no appreciable effects on the spontaneous motility of the uterus. These results suggest there exist both alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors in the uterine muscle and the response to epinephrine of the former is predominant over that of latter in the non-pregnant uterus of rabbits. The total catecholamines concentration of the non-pregnant uterus was $351\;m{\mu}g/g$ and the fractional concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine were $125\;m{\mu}g/g(35.7%)$ and $226\;m{\mu}g/g$ respectively. It is interesting to note that the catecholamines content of uterus was characterized by a high fractional corcentration of epinephrine relative to norepinephrine. 2) On the pregnant rabbit uterine strips, the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine varied according to the period of pregnancy. The response to epinephrine of adrenergic beta receptor of uterus increased during pregnancy, and the effect of catecholamine was inhibitory in the early pregnancy but became stimulatory as the pregnancy progressed. This stimulating action on the uterine motility was found to occur through the action of norepinephrine. The uterine catecholamines concentration was markedly reduced during pregnancy. The catecholamines concentration was started to decrease in the early pregnancy, reached the lowest level in the mid-pregnancy and then started to increaae again in the late pregnancy when the total catecholamines content became the highest level of all. This increase of catefholamines in late pregnancy was chiefly due to the increase of norepinephrine. These results suggest that the uterine motility may be related to the catecholamines content, especially norepinephrine content in the uterus. 3) Bilateral oophorectomy of rabbits results in a marked shrink of the uterus in size. The spontaneous motility of the uterine segment of these animals was very weak and irregular. Norepinephrine produced inhibitory effect, whereas epinephrine was stimulatory or inhibitory effect on the uterine segment. The total catecholamines tontent in whole uterus was markedly reduced. The injection of estrogen into the oophorectornized rabbit increased the weight of uterus to approximately three times of that of oophorectornized animal. The apontaneous motility and the response to epinephrine and norepinephrine of the uterine segment were greatly enhanced. Both epinephrine and norepinephrine produced a marked stimulatory effects of the uterine motility. The uterine content of catecholamines, particularly epinephrine, was markedly increased. The injection of progesterone into the oophorectornized rabbit increaeed the weight of uterus to approximately 2.5 times of that of eophorectornized animal. The spontaneous motility of the uterine segment was weak and irregular. Epinephrine produced stimulatory effect at high concentrations but norepinephrine always prcdnced inhibitory effect on the uterine segment. The uterine content of catecholamines, particularly of norepinephrine, was markedly reduced. These results suggested that ovarian hormones play an important role not only on the growth and spontaneous norepinephrine of uterus but also on the catecholamines content and responee to epinephrine and norepinephrine of the uterus. 4) The intraperitoneal injection of reserpine(3 mg/kg) into the non-pregnant, pregnant and oophorectornieed rabbits markedly decreased the uterine content of catecholamines, particularly of the norepinephrine. The stimulatory response to epinephrine and. norepinephrine of the uterine segment of these reserpinized ratbits was markedly reduced whereas the inhibitory response to these catecholamines was enhanced. This finding further support the close relationship between the uterine catecholamines content and uterine response to epineptrire and norepinephrine. 5) In the human uterus, the concentration of epinephrine was actrally greater than that of norepinephrine and it was significantly greater during the proliferative phase of the menstrtal cycle. In the human pregnant uterus, the concentrations of toth epinephrine and ncrefinephrine were markedly reduced and showed about 45 percent rednction after 6-8 weeks of ectopic Pregnancy. At full term ana during labor, the concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine at placental sites were less than those found in the non-pregnant group. Of interest was the finding that the norepinephrine concentration of uterus from toxemic patients was two and half times higher than that of lower uterine segment of the nontoxemic pregnant individuals. Also the epinephrine concentraticn was slightly increaeed.

• 공업화학
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.356-361
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• 2018

혈액과 같이 다성분으로 이루어진 복잡한 matrix로 구성된 시료에서 휘발성 유기화합물(VOC)이나 반휘발성 유기화합물(SVOC)의 분석은 분리공정을 거쳐 분석되는 것이 일반적이다. 흡착은 어떤 성분이 다른 상의 표면에 축적되는 물리적 현상이다. 전처리 과정에서 번거로움을 극복하기 위해 흡착이 적용되며 이를 위해 다공성 탄소인 carboxen (CAR)이 도포된 solid phase microextraction (SPME) 장치가 흔히 사용된다. 본 연구에서는 플라스틱 제조시 가소제 등으로 사용되는 4-octylphenol의 carboxen에 대한 흡착특성을 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 dichloromethane ($CH_2Cl_2$, DCM), ethylacetate ($CH_3COOC_2H_5$, EA) 및 diethylether ($C_2H_5OC_2H_5$, $Et_2O$)에 대한 추출효율과 bistrimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), methylchloroformate (MCF) 및 pentafluorobenzylbromide (PFBBr)에 대한 유도체화 반응의 특성을 조사하였다. 열역학적 특성 파악을 위한 추출용제로는 DCM이 양호한 효과를 보였으며 BSTFA를 이용한 silylation의 분석특성이 우수하여 이를 적용하였다. 열역학적 및 동력학적 흡착실험 결과 흡착과정은 흡열특성을 보였고 Langmuir식보다는 Freundlich 등온식에 더 근접하였으며 동력학적으로는 pseudo-$2^{nd}$ order kinetic model에 따르는 것을 보였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.583-591
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• 2002

Biodegradation of fat, oil, and grease (FOGs) plays an Important role in wastewater management and water pollution control. However, many industrial food-processing and food restaurants generate FOG-containing waste waters for which there Is no acceptable technology for their pretreatment. To solve these problems, this study evaluated the feasibility of effective FOG-degrading microorganisms on the biodegradation of olive oil and FOG-containing wastewater. Twenty-two strains capable of degrading FOGs were isolated from five FOG-contaminated sites for the evaluation of their FOG degradation capabilities. Among twenty-two strains tested, the lipase-producing Pseudomonas sp. strain D2D3 was selected for actual FOG wastewater treatment. Its biodegradability was performed at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and pH 8. The extent of FOG removal efficiency was varied for each FOG tested, being the highest for olive oil and animal fat (94.5% and 94.4%), and the lowest for safflower oil (62%). The addition of organic nitrogen sources such as yeast extract, soytone, and peptone enhanced the removal efficiency of FOGs, but the addition of the inorganic nitrogen nutrients such as $NH_4$Cl and $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ did not increase. The $KH_2PO_4$ sources in 0.25% to 0.5% concentrations showed more than 90% degradability. As a result, the main pathway for the oxidation of fatty acids results in the removal of two carbon atoms as acetyl-CoA with each reaction sequence: $\beta$-oxidation. Its lipase activity showed 38.5 U/g DCW using the optimal media after 9 h. Real wastewater and FOGs were used for determining the removal efficiency by using Pseudomonas sp. strain D2D3 bioadditive. The degradation by Pseudomonas sp. strain D2D3 was 41% higher than that of the naturally occurring bacteria. This result indicated that the use of isolated Pseudomonas sp. strain D2D3 in a bioaugmentating grease trap or other processes might possibly be sufficient to acclimate biological processes for degrading FOGs.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.18-28
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• 2014

Renewable Portfolio Standards(RPS) is a regulation that requires a renewable energy generated from eco-friendly energy sources such as biomass, wind, solar, and geothermal. The RPS mechanism generally is an obligatory policy that places on electricity supply companies to produce a designated fraction of their electricity from renewable energies. The domestic companies to supply electricity largely rely on wood pellets in order to implement the RPS in spite of undesirable situation of lack of wood resources in Korea. This means that the electricity supply companies in Korea must explore new biomass as an alternative to wood. Palm kernel shell (PKS) and empty fruit bunch (EFB) as oil palm wastes can be used as raw materials used for making pellets after their thermochemical treatment like torrefaction. Torrefaction is a pretreatment process which serves to improve the properties including heating value and energy densification of these oil palm wastes through a mild pyrolysis at temperature typically ranging between 200 and $300^{\circ}C$ in the absence of oxygen under atmospheric pressure. Torrefaction of oil palms wastes at above $200^{\circ}C$ contributed to the increase of fixed carbon with the decrease of volatile matters, leading to the improvement of their calorific values over 20.9 MJ/kg (=5,000 kcal/kg) up to 25.1 MJ/kg (=6,000 kcal/kg). In particular, EFB sensitively responded to torrefaction because of its physical properties like fiber bundles, compared to PKS and hardwood chips. In conclusion, torrefaction treatment of PKS and EFB can greatly contribute to the implement of RPS of the electricity supply companies in Korea through the increased co-firing biomass with coal.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.440-448
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• 1993

현재 우리나라 수산가공업계에서 많이 취급하고 있는 어종인 찰가자미류로부터 부산 되는 껍질로 식용젤라틴을 제조하기 위하여 알칼리전처리에 의한 젤라틴의 최적 추출 및 정제조건에 대하여 검토하였다. 찰가자미류껍질로부터 젤라틴의 추출 및 탈색은 원료인 껍질을 1.0% 수산화칼슘용액$(5^{\circ}C)$에 4일간 침지하여 2일간 수세한 다음 탈수한 껍질에 대하여 pH 7.0으로 조정한 용액을 5배 가한 후 $50^{\circ}C$에서 3시간 동안 추출하고, 추출용액에 대하여 3%가 되게 활성탄을 처리한 다음 부피가 절반정도가 되도록 농축하고, 얇게 펴서 건조한 제품의 겔강도, 졸화온도, 겔화온도, b값 및 ${\Delta}E$값은 각각 182.3 g, $15^{\circ}C$, $9.0^{\circ}C$, 3.8 및 24.8로 품질이 가장 좋았고, 이 때의 수율은 14.0%이었다. 그러나 최적조건에서 제조한 찰가자미류껍질 젤라틴도 현재 시판되고 있는 돼지껍질 젤라틴에 비하여 물리적 특성이 상당히 낮을 뿐만 아니라 같은 가자미류인 각시가자미껍질 젤라틴에 비하여도 물리적 특성이 상당히 낮아, 식용 등의 고품질의 젤라틴으로 사용하고자 할 때에는 반드시 단백질수식화 조작 등의 제조방법의 개선이 이루어져야 한다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2016

Objectives : Liver is one of the largest organs in the human, and has a function of detoxification and energy sensing to prevent severe disease. Paeoniae radix has been used to treat a variety of liver diseases such as hepatitis and chronic hepatic failure. Although P. radix has been used as an medicinal herb for a long time, the effects of P. radix on severe oxidative stress and its action mechanism on the liver was not clearly verified.Methods : This study investigated the protective effects of P. radix extract (PRE), and the underlying mechanism of its action in the liver. tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) and carbon tetrachlroride (CCl₄) were used to induce oxidative stress in the HepG2 hepatocyte cell line and Sprague-Dawley rats, respectively.Results : t-BHP significantly induced cell death and ROS production in HepG2 cell, as indicated by MTT and FACS analysis. However, pretreatment of PRE inhibited a decrease in cell viability and H₂O₂ production in the HepG2 cells. PRE also blocked the ability of t-BHP to damage in mitochondrial membrane transition. More importantly, PRE induced Nrf2 activation and antioxidant Phase II enzyme, which may have a role in the effects of PRE. In mice, PRE inhibited the liver damage induced by CCl₄.Conclusions : PRE inhibited oxidative stress and hepatic damages as mediated with Nrf2 activation. This study unveil, in part, the effect and mechanism of old medicinal herb, P. radix.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.537-541
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 전력연구원으로부터 공급받은 건식 흡수제인 sorbA를 이용하여 기포 유동층 반응기에서 $CO_2$ 흡수반응 특성을 살펴보았다. sorbA는 $CO_2$ 흡수를 위한 탄산나트륨과 내마모성과 기계적 강도를 위한 지지체로 구성되어 있다. $CO_2$ 흡수는 $50-70^{\circ}C$의 온도 범위에서, 재생은 $120-300^{\circ}C$의 온도 범위에서 이루어졌다. 반응시작 전 sorbA에 일정량의 물을 미리 함유하게 한 경우, $50^{\circ}C$에서 반응 초기 1-2분 동안 100％의 $CO_2$ 제거율을 보였다. 고온에서 재생되는 경우 반복 실험으로 인한 흡수제의 반응성과 제거 용량의 저하는 없었다. NMR 스펙트럼을 통해서 흡수반응과 재생반응 후 시료의 성분을 파악하였다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과는 두 개의 유동층 반응기를 가진 연속장치의 설계와 운전에 중요한 기초자료가 될 것이다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.137-150
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• 2011

$CO_{2}$를 탄산염의 형태로 고정화하는 광물 탄산화 기술은 $CO_{2}$ 지중 저장의 대안 기술의 하나로 중소규모로 $CO_{2}$ 저장을 실현할 수 있는 기술로 여겨지고 있다. 이 연구에서는 광물 탄산화 기술의 전세계적인 연구 개발 동향을 파악하고, 특히 우리 나라의 지질 및 산업 여건을 고려할 때 $CO_{2}$ 광물 탄산화가 $CO_{2}$ 저감 대책이 될 수 있는지에 대한 기술적 및 경제적 타당성을 검토하였다. 그 결과 국내에서는 연간 1,200만톤 이상의 $CO_{2}$를 고정화할 수 있는 산업 부산물이 발생하고 있으며, 이를 광물탄산화에 이용한다면 $CO_{2}$ 광물탄산화는 유망한 $CO_{2}$ 저감 방안이 될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 이 기술의 경제성 증대를 위해서는 산업 부산물의 전처리, 금속 용출액 및 용출 방법, 고속 탄산화 기술 개발, 공정열의 이용 극대화, 생성된 탄산화물의 부가가치 향상 등의 분야에서 향후 추가적인 연구 개발이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.595-603
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• 2016

(E)-3-Phenyl-1-(2-pyrrolyl)-2-propenone (PPP) is a pyrrole derivative of chalcone, in which the B-ring of chalcone linked to ${\beta}$-carbon is replaced by pyrrole group. While pyrrole has been studied for possible Src inhibition activity, chalcone, especially the substituents on the B-ring, has shown pharmaceutical, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant properties via inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$ activity. Our study is aimed to investigate whether this novel synthetic compound retains or enhances the pharmaceutically beneficial activities from the both structures. For this purpose, inflammatory responses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells were analyzed. Nitric oxide (NO) production, inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) mRNA expression, and the intracellular inflammatory signaling cascade were measured. Interestingly, PPP strongly inhibited NO release in a dose-dependent manner. To further investigate this anti-inflammatory activity, we identified molecular pathways by immunoblot analyses of nuclear fractions and whole cell lysates prepared from LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells with or without PPP pretreatment. The nuclear levels of p50, c-Jun, and c-Fos were significantly inhibited when cells were exposed to PPP. Moreover, according to the luciferase reporter gene assay after cotransfection with either TRIF or MyD88 in HEK293 cells, NF-${\kappa}B$-mediated luciferase activity dose-dependently diminished. Additionally, it was confirmed that PPP dampens the upstream signaling cascade of NF-${\kappa}B$ and AP-1 activation. Thus, PPP inhibited Syk, Src, and TAK1 activities induced by LPS or induced by overexpression of these genes. Therefore, our results suggest that PPP displays anti-inflammatory activity via inhibition of Syk, Src, and TAK1 activity, which may be developed as a novel anti-inflammatory drug.