• 기술사
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2011

Korea has been officially classified as a non Annex-I country under the Kyoto Protocol, however, international community is used to considering it as if it were an Annex-I country. Korea has been under great pressure from the international community, especially from the EU and the US, to get included as an Annex-I country or to accept a legally-binding emissions reduction target like other developed nations. Korean Government declared its national target of emissions reduction in 2020 before the Copenhagen meeting, and also pronounced "Low-Carbon Green-Growth" as a new national paradigm to drive the entire nation toward a low carbon society and develop a new growth momentum. The 'green Act', which was passed by the National Assembly in 2009, is a comprehensive and fundamental law providing legal grounds to all of the national policies and measures that are needed to transform the nation into a low-carbon society. Korean government announced to begin Carbon Emissions Trading from 2015, instead of the originally scheduled year of 2013, considering global trends and industrial competitiveness in a flexible manner. The Carbon Emission Trading would reduce carbon emissions by 30 percent from the expected 2020 level, or 4 percent below its emissions in 2005.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.77-102
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• 2010

본 논문의 목적은 최근 일본에서 시행되고 있는 기후변화정책과 다양한 형태로 도입되고 있는 배출권거래 및 탄소크레디트 관련 제도의 시행상황을 분석하여 우리나라의 관련 제도설계 시 시사점을 제공하고자 함에 있다. 일본의 제도시행 상황에 대한 분석을 참고로 할 경우 배출권의 제도설계는 기업 등 이해당사자의 비용부담의 공평성문제에 대한 신중한 논의와 온실가스 관련 데이터의 신뢰성 제고, 배출권발행 검정기관의 육성 등 관련 인프라를 정비하면서 착실히 추진해야 할 필요가 있다. 아울러 옵셋 크레디트 그린전력증서, 에코포인트 등 국내재원의 해외유출을 최소화하면서 경제와 탄소삭감을 양립시키는 '환경가치'의 생산과 유통을 장려하고 이들과 배출권 거래제도를 연계할 필요가 있다.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.129-167
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• 2021

배출권거래제는 온실가스 감축과 저탄소 사회로의 전환을 위한 핵심 정책이다. EU 배출권거래제(EU ETS)는 운영기간, 핵심 설계 노하우 등에서 국내 배출권거래제보다 앞서 있는 좋은 벤치마크 대상이다. 이에 본 연구는 EU ETS 4기의 주요 제도 설계를 배출허용총량(Cap), 배출권 무상할당방식, 유·무상할당업종 선정 방식, 시장안정화 조치, 감축지원제도 등을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 그리고 EU ETS 1-4기의 주요 설계와 주요 설계 변경이 향후 국내 배출권거래제의 설계 및 운영에 미칠 영향을 각각 분석해보았다. 우선, 국내 배출권거래제 설계에 대한 영향으로는 벤치마크 갱신 방안 마련, 국내 산업구조 및 특성을 반영한 무상할당업종 선정 기준 마련과 2단계 평가 도입, 경매 수익의 구체적 활용방안 마련의 세 가지 요구가 증대될 것으로 예상된다. 다음으로 향후 배출권거래제 운영에 미칠 영향으로는 제도 개정의 객관적이고 심도있는 영향평가, 계획 및 제도 개정의 이른 확정을 통한 제도 안정성 및 대응 기회 제공, 배출권 거래제 거버넌스 조정 및 이해관계자 참여 확대 유도 세 가지를 들 수 있다.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 5th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.107-110
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• 2013

Recently, Korea parliament legislated the Low Carbon Green Growth Act (April, 2012) and approved a bill (May, 2012) to start carbon emission trading system in 2015. It means that for the first time, government would regulate the amounts of carbon emission in private entities, and private entities should attain predefined emission reduction goals by implementing clean development mechanism (CDM) project or buy the Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from the trading market to avoid penalty. Under these circumstances, it is not easy for them to determine when or how to implement the CDM project because the governmental energy policies about the level of governmental subsidies, periods for free emission allocation, etc. are still under discussion and the future price of the CERs is quite uncertain. Thus, this study presents a real-option based model to assess the financial viability of the CDM project which switches bunker-C oil to liquefied natural gas (LNG). The proposed model is expected to assist private entities in establishing the investment strategy for CDM project under uncertain government energy policies.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.519-542
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• 2012

본 논문은 EU ETS 기간 전과 후를 비교함으로써 탄소누출이 일어났는가를 실증적으로 분석하였다. 해외직접투자를 탄소누출의 지표로 활용하여 EU 11개국을 대상으로 한 1995년부터 2009년까지의 패널데이터를 이용하여 생산비용과 환경비용과의 패널 분석을 하였다. 시장 추구형 해외직접효과도 아울러 고려하여 해외시장잠재력도 아울러 고려하였다. 본 분석에 의하면 제조업을 대상으로 한 일부모형에서 탄소누출이 확인되었다. 하지만 다양한 모형에서 일관되게 확인되지 않아서 EU 배출권거래제를 전후하여 탄소누출이 뚜렷하게 일어났다고 단정하기는 힘들다. 비교적 데이터의 시계열이 짧음에도 불구하고 일부모형에서 탄소누출이 검증되었다는 사실을 볼 때 향후 국내 배출권거래제 도입시 우리나라도 탄소누출의 가능성을 염두에 두고 배출권거래제 제도를 설계해야 할 것이다.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2019년도 추계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.50-51
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• 2019

Globally, South Korea is a country that has a lot of $CO_2$ emissions and has steadily increased its total greenhouse gas emissions since the 1990s. With the recent implementation of the carbon emission trading system in Korea, the importance of calculating $CO_2$ emissions of construction equipment is increasing, hence the need for accurate calculation of environmental penalties through allocating carbon emission rights. This study presents a methodology to predict the price of carbon credits using big data analysis method. This methodology is based on correlating and regression analysis of trends in carbon emission prices and search volumes. This study aims to support faster and more accurate budget calculations in the planning of the construction process based on the predicted price of carbon emission rights.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.157-165
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• 2009

Forests potentially contribute to global climate change through their influence on the global carbon (C) cycle. The Kyoto Protocol provides for the involvement of developing countries in an atmospheric greenhouse gas reduction regime under its Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Carbon credits are gained from reforestation and afforestation activities in developing countries. Bangladesh, a densely populated tropical country in South Asia, has a huge degraded forestland, which can be reforested by CDM projects. To realize the potential of the forestry sector in developing countries like Bangladesh for full-scale emission mitigation, the carbon sequestration potential should be integrated with the carbon trading system under the CDM of the Kyoto Protocol. This paper discusses the prospects of carbon trading in Bangladesh, in relation to the CDM, in the context of global warming.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제46권
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• pp.265-313
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• 2010

Kyoto Protocol is an international convention on concrete performance program for UNFCCC(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), which regulate and prevent to global warming and officially came into effect on February 16, 2005. Kyoto flexible mechanisms, the agreed environmental system in March 1997 in the Third Conference of Parties in UNFCCC General Assembly, Emission Trading System(ETS), Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) and Joint Implementation(JI), are key policies related to environment. In advanced countries, greenhouse gas emissions should be reduced average 5.2% level compared to 1990 in total emissions during 2008-2012. World leading carbon market finished the trial on the EU ETS I greenhouse gas emissions trading system, EU ETS II is operated regularly after 2008. World Bank leads to make 'Prototype Carbon Fund(PCF)' in April 2004, which is the world first carbon fund and a representative public carbon fund type, World Bank operate various funds including present PCF. Thus, I would like to propose as follows in relation to this study: First, in the validity analysis of carbon funds, it would be needed to analyze the Emission Reduction Cost Efficiency(ERCE) of carbon. The ERCE is a break-even value which brings the Net Present Value(NPV) to zero. NPV approach is used among projects and it enables potential projects to be compared and evaluated the ERCE on the basis of the net present value of net future cash flows. Therefore, according to results of analysis, carbon funds should be developed and invested. Second, it would be necessary to allow of issuing bonds together with carbon funds, carbon finance etc. Third, carbon funds, it would be reasonable to have a relatively enough maturity in project and as a financial derivatives in the international financial markets, it is needed various types of transactions. Fourth, it would be needed to standardize the carbon emissions trading for more efficiently. Fifth, it would be necessary to establish and invest in various kinds of domestic and overseas global carbon funds, including governments, privates, governments and privates sectors. And it is also needed to establish the medium and long term plans for carbon funds. Sixth, it would be needed to foster the advanced trade mechanisms for carbon funds in the most effective ways. Finally, carbon funds should be used in harmony with international societies to reduce global warming as the social responsible investing funds and it should be contribute to sustainable development. In addition, it would seem that carbon funds should be studied on establishing the contributable standard of sustainable development in the future assignment.

• 무역학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.143-162
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• 2021

Although awareness of the need to respond to climate change is expanding, various controversies are being raised about the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). The EU has announced that they will implement CBAM as responding to climate change and preventing carbon leakage. However, the questions are raised as to whether it is actually effective in preventing carbon leakage. Above all, CBAM has its own contradictions, thus it could not be easy to implement. This is because the possibility of violation of the WTO principles is high and there are many issues in implementation. Emission Trading System (ETS) based on CBAM differs by country, and international linkage is not easy in that ETS is not a widely used system worldwide. The EU's CBAM is highly likely to be used as a trade restrictive tool, and is inevitably subject to trade disputes in that it imposes additional tariffs. The unilateral implementation of CBAM should be restrained unless support from the international community and consideration for developing countries are not taken into account.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.271-300
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• 2004

본 연구는 최근 두 차례에 걸친 국내 온실가스 배출권 모의거래의 결과를 분석하여 그 정책적 시사점을 도출하였다. 1차 모의거래는 5개 전력사를 대상으로 baseline and credit를 기준으로 실시하였고, 2차 모의거래는 1개 전력회사를 포함 여타 에너지집약 업종의 7개 기업을 대상으로 cap and trade 방식을 택했다. 물론 모의거래 시행을 위한 여러 가정들이 채택되었으나 기본적으로 자발적인 참여를 바탕으로 각 사에 경매를 통해 인센티브를 지급하고 온라인 시스템을 활용하여 거래하는 방식을 택하였다. 본 모의거래에서 특징적인 결과를 보면 거래시장의 불안정성을 들 수 있다. 즉, 거래가격의 변화가 크고 거래시장이 수요자 중심이거나 아니면 공급자 중심으로 나타났다. 이는 본 모의거래가 자발적이고 비구속적인 상태에서 운영이 되고, 각 참여사에 돌아가는 인센티브 규모가 과도하고, 참여자간의 정보가 비대칭적이며, 참여자의 무책임한 전략적 행위, 그리고 참여자의 시스템 운영 미숙으로 인한 것이라고 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 향후 우리나라가 도입하게 될 국내배출권거래제의 기본디자인과 이를 단계적으로 도입하는 방안, 그리고 인센티브 경매방식, 인센티브 총액, 재원조달 방안 등을 언급하고 있다. 이에 대한 더 많은 후속연구가 필요하며 특히 산업계의 적응능력 향상과 더 바람직한 제도도입을 위해서 앞으로도 계속하여 모의거래를 실시 할 것을 건의하고 있다.