• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.716-729
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• 2015

Small-scale household digesters have been promoted across Asia as a sustainable way of handling manure. The major advantages are that they produce biogas and reduce odor. However their disadvantages include the low recycling of nutrients, because digestate is dilute and therefore difficult to transport, and the loss of biogas as a result of cracks and the intentional release of excess biogas. In this study, life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was used to assess the environmental impacts associated with biogas digesters in Vietnam. Handling 1,000 kg of liquid manure and 100 kg of solid manure in a system with a biogas digester reduced the impact potential from 4.4 kg carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) equivalents to 3.2 kg $CO_2$ equivalents compared with traditional manure management. However, this advantage could easily be compromised if digester construction is considered in the LCA or in situations where there is an excess of biogas which is intentionally released. A sensitivity analysis showed that biogas digesters could be a means of reducing global warming if methane emissions can be kept low. In terms of eutrophication, farms with biogas digesters had 3 to 4 times greater impacts. In order to make biogas digesters sustainable, methods for recycling digestates are urgently required.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제12권
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• pp.587-613
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• 1999

Environmental problems such as global climate change, depletion, ocean and air pollution, and resource degradation-compounded by an expanding world population-respect no border and threaten the health, prosperity and jobs of all mankind. Our efforts to promote democracy, free trade, and stability in the world will fall short unless people have a livable environment. We have an enormous stake in the management of the world's resources. By increasing demand for timber, natural gas, coal and consumer's goods have destroyed the grounds for living. Greenhouse gas emissions anywhere in the world have threatened coastal communities, and then changed the Earth's climate system. The burning of coal, oil, and other fossil fuels is increasing substantially the concentration of heat-trapping gasses such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide in our air. The earth's temperature and sea levels are rising as a result. Since 1972 there has been a marked growth in the number and scope of environmental treaties. In particular, after the 1992 Rio Conference, international legal instruments became more concentrated on addressing environment within the context of sustainable development and incorporated a number of new concepts and innovative approaches. A preliminary analysis of recent conventions and in particular those associated with the Rio Conference indicates various ideas, concepts and principles which have come to the fore including sustainable development, equity, common concern of humankind, common but differentiated responsibilities and global partnership. However, international trade also has an environmental impact which must be minimized or countered. Positive measures are to be preferred to achieve environmental goals, but where trade provisions are necessary, they should be appropriately used within environmental conventions to facilitate the reduction and limitation of the negative impacts of trade and to enhance the complementarity of the multilateral trade regime with the imperatives of environmental protection, in the interests of environmental protection and sustainable development generally. The international community has to recognize and endorse this need to achieve complementarity between trade and environment issues.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.189-195
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• 2005

Several models predict large and potentially abrupt ocean circulation changes due to anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions. These circulation changes drive-in the models-considerable oceanic oxygen trend. A sound estimate of the observed oxygen trends can hence be a powerful tool to constrain predictions of future changes in oceanic deepwater formation, heat and carbon dioxide uptake. Estimating decadal scale oxygen trends is, however, a nontrivial task and previous studies have come to contradicting conclusions. One key potential problem is that changes in the historical observation network might introduce considerable errors. Here we estimate the likely magnitude of these errors for a subset of the available observations in the Southern Ocean. We test three common data analysis methods south of Australia and focus on the decadal-scale trends between the 1970's and the 1990's. Specifically, we estimate errors due to sparsely sampled observations using a known signal (the time invariant, temporally averaged, World Ocean Atlas 2001) as a negative control. The crossover analysis and the objective analysis methods are for less prone to spatial sampling location biases than the area averaging method. Subject to numerous caveats, we find that errors due to sparse sampling for the area averaging method are on the order of several micro-moles $kg^{-1}$. for the crossover and the objective analysis method, these errors are much smaller. For the analyzed example, the biases due to changes in the spatial design of the historical observation network are relatively small compared to the tends predicted by many model simulations. This raises the possibility to use historic oxygen trends to constrain model simulations, even in sparsely sampled ocean basins.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.423-433
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• 2014

This study examined the short-term variability of $CO_2$ concentrations measured at the Gosan site ($33^{\circ}17^{\prime}N$, $126^{\circ}10^{\prime}E$) in Jeju, Korea for the last 9 years from 2002 to 2010. The weekly distribution shows higher $CO_2$ concentrations during weekends than weekdays which implies the impact of local emissions because Jeju Island is one of the top tourist attraction in Korea. In diurnal variation, $CO_2$ concentration reached the maximum at 6 am and the minimum at 1 pm. The high $CO_2$ concentrations were mostly associated with lower wind speed (below 4 m/s) and easterlies, which was typical of summer night. In other seasons, however, the high concentrations were encountered under strong westerlies (8~16 m/s), which implies the influence of Chinese outflows. $CO_2$ concentrations were found to be highly correlated with meteorological parameters including wind speed, temperature, humidity, and solar radiation except for winter.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.729-737
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• 2020

This study estimates the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction resulting from photovoltaic and wind power technologies using a bottom-up approach for an indirect emission source (scope 2) in South Korea. To estimate GHG reductions from photovoltaic and wind power activities under standard operating conditions, methodologies are derived from the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national GHG inventories and the guidelines for local government greenhouse inventories of Korea published in 2016. Indirect emission factors for electricity are obtained from the 2011 Korea Power Exchange. The total annual GHG reduction from photovoltaic power (23,000 tons CO_2eq) and wind power (30,000 tons CO_2eq) was estimated to be 53,000 tons CO_2eq. The estimation of individual GHGs showed that the largest component is carbon dioxide, accounting for up to 99% of the total GHG. The results of estimation from photovoltaic and wind power were 63.60% and 80.22% of installed capacity, respectively. The annual average GHG reductions from photovoltaic and wind power per year per unit installed capacity (MW) were estimated as 549 tons CO_2eq/yr·MW and 647 tons CO_2eq/yr·MW, respectively. Finally, the results showed that the level of GHG reduction per year per installed capacity of photovoltaic and wind power is 62% and 42% compared to the CDM project, respectively.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.68-78
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• 2006

In the past few years, considerable efforts have been directed towards the further development of Urea-SCR(selective catalytic reduction) technique for diesel-driven vehicle. Although urea possesses considerable advantages over Ammonia$(NH_3)$ in terms of toxicity and handling, its necessary decomposition into Ammonia and carbon dioxide complicates the DeNOx process. Moreover, a mobile SCR system has only a short distance between engine exhaust and the catalyst entrance. Hence, this leads to not enough residence times of urea, and therefore evaporation and thermolysis cannot be completed at the catalyst entrance. This may cause high secondary emissions of Ammonia and isocyanic acid from the reducing agent and also leads to the fact that a considerable section of the catalyst may be misused for the purely thermal steps of water evaporation and thermolysis of urea. Hence the key factor to implementation of SCR technology on automobile is fast thermolysis, good mixing of Ammonia and gas, and reducing Ammonia slip. In this context, this study performs three-dimensional numerical simulation of urea injection of heavy-duty diesel engine under various injection pressure, injector locations and number of injector hole. This study employs Eulerian-Lagrangian approach to consider break-up, evaporation and heat and mass-transfer between droplet and exhaust gas with considering thermolysis and the turbulence dispersion effect of droplet. The SCR-monolith brick has been treated as porous medium. The effect of location and number of hole of urea injector on the uniformity of Ammonia concentration distribution and the amount of water at the entrance of SCR-monolith has been examined in detail under various injection pressures. The present results show useful guidelines for the optimum design of urea injector for reducing Ammonia slip and improving DeNOx performance.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.134-141
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• 2017

시멘트 생산 과정에서 생성되는 이산화탄소 배출량을 감소시키기 위하여 시멘트를 대체할 수 있는 건축 재료 개발에 많은 연구가 진행되어왔다. 시멘트 대체재로 사용될 수 있는 활성 황토는 $850^{\circ}C$에서 소성 과정을 거쳐 제작된다. Poly-Vinyl Alcohol(PVA) 섬유와 GFRP 보강근은 활성 황토 콘크리트의 균열 문제를 해결하기 위하여 사용된다. 본 논문은 PVA 섬유 보강 활성 황토 콘크리트에 대하여 인발 하중에 따른 GFRP 보강근의 부착 성능을 평가하기 위한 실험 연구를 나타내고 있다. 실험 결과, 황토가 치환된 PVA 보강 및 무보강 실험체들의 평균 부착 응력 계수가 2.27~2.48로 나타났으며, 부착 응력 계수가 PVA 섬유 보강 유무 및 황토 치환율에 크게 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 부착 길이가 길어질수록 부착 강도는 저하되었다.

• 접착 및 계면
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.140-145
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• 2019

환경적 관점에서 고분자필름이나 코팅제 산업계에서 이산화탄소와 휘발성 유기화합물의 저감은 가장 중요한 이슈 중의 하나이다. 광경화 시스템은 용제를 사용치 않아 휘발성 유기화합물의 방출을 최소화 할 수 있고 빠른 경화로 인한 에너지 소모가 적은 잇점이 있다. 또한, 생분해성 고분자는 거대한 폐플라스틱의 발생을 고려하면 환경적으로 경제적으로 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 생분해성 고분자인 폴리락타이드 다이올과 폴리에틸렌 글리콜을 폴리올로하여 광경화형 폴리우레탄 아크릴레이트를 합성하였고 자외선에 의해 말단의 아크릴레이트 그룹의 경화반응을 진행하였다. 경화된 필름의 인장강도, 파단율 및 Tg는 폴리락타이드 다이올의 함량 증가와 더불어 증가하였고 친수특성과 열정안정성은 폴리에틸렌 글리콜 함량과 비례하였다. 따라서 친환경적인 폴리올의 함량 조절로 광경화 폴리우레탄 아크릴레이트의 물성이 조절 가능하였다.

• 한국정보전자통신기술학회논문지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.135-140
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• 2011

최근 수행되는 연구들에 따르면, 인터넷 관련한 에너지 소비는 날이 갈수록 증가하고 있는 추세이며, 이미 우리사회가 소비하고 있는 전체 에너지 소비량의 상당부분을 차지하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 이로 인해 현재 인터넷 프로토콜, 응용 프로그램 등의 개발에 있어서도 에너지 효율을 높일 수 있는 기법들이 중요한 연구이슈로 떠오르고 있다. 현재 네트워크에서 소비되는 에너지의 대부분은 개인용 PC나 데이터센터에서 발생하고 있으며, 특히 사용자 PC에서 소비되는 전력소비가 큰 비중을 차지하고 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 사용자들이 P2P등 파일 다운로드 등을 목적으로 PC전원을 끄지 않고 있는 문제점에 착안, File sharing사용자들을 위한 서비스 품질은 그대로 유지하면서, 에너지 소비는 절감하기위한 File Sharing Proxying시스템을 기반으로 한 Green File Sharing아키텍처에 대해 기술하고자 한다. File sharing 사용자들로 하여금 다운로드 실행기능을 Proxy 시스템에 위임한 뒤 사용 중인 PC전원을 끄도록 함으로써, 에너지 소비효율을 향상시키는 기법이다. 특히 실험을 통해 Proxy 시스템을 기반으로 평균 파일공유시간을 획기적으로 줄이면서 에너지 소비효율을 50%이상 줄일 수 있음이 증명되었다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권8호
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• pp.338-343
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• 2017

본 논문은 이산화탄소 배출저감 및 산업폐기물을 재활용하기 위한 일환으로 산업부산물인 고로슬래그 미분말을 사용하였다. 고로슬래그 미분말은 선철의 제련 시 부산물로서 발생하는 고온 용융상태의 고로슬래그를 물로 급냉 시켜 유리화한 것으로 반응성이 높아 시멘트 및 콘크리트용 혼화재료로 다양하게 사용되고 있다. 고로슬래그 미분말을 치환한 콘크리트는 수화발열속도 저감, 온도상승 억제, 장기강도 향상, 수밀성 증대에 의한 내구성 향상 및 염화물 이온 침투억제에 의한 철근의 발청 억제 등의 다양한 효과를 기대할 수 있다. 그러나, 재령 초기 낮은 압축강도로 인해 사용량이 적은 실정이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 고로슬래그 미분말을 치환할 경우 낮은 압축강도를 보완하기 위해 증기양생이 초기 강도 발현에 미치는 영향을 평가하였고, 압축강도, SEM, EDS, XRD와의 관계를 분석하여 콘크리트의 압축강도 발현특성을 검토하였다. 그 결과 고로슬래그 미분말을 30% 치환한 콘크리트가 가장 우수하였으며, 이는 증기양생에 의해 고로슬래그 미분말의 피막을 파괴하여 ettringite 및 C-S-H겔 등의 수화물을 생성함으로 압축강도에 영향을 마친 것으로 판단된다.