• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.58 no.8
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• pp.1504-1511
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• 2009

By development of renewable energies and high-efficient facilities and deregulated electricity market, the operation cost of distributed generation(DG) becomes more competitive. The amount of distributed resource is considerably increasing in the distribution network consequently. Also, international environmental regulations of the leaking carbon become effective to keep pace with the global efforts for low-carbon paradigm. It contributes to spread out the business of DG. Therefore, the operator of DG is able to supply electric power to customers who are connected directly to DG as well as loads that are connected to entire network. In this situation, community energy system(CES) having DGs is recently a new participant in the energy market. DG's purchase price from the market is different from the DG's sales price to the market due to the transmission service charges and etc. Therefore, CES who owns DGs has to control the produced electric power per hourly period in order to maximize the profit. If there is no regulation for carbon emission(CE), the generators which get higher production than generation cost will hold a prominent position in a competitive price. However, considering the international environment regulation, CE newly will be an important element to decide the marginal cost of generators as well as the classified fuel unit cost and unit's efficiency. This paper will introduce the optimal operation of CES's DG connected to the distribution network considering CE. The purpose of optimization is to maximize the profit of CES and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) will be used to solve this problem. The optimal operation of DG represented in this paper is to be resource to CES and system operator for determining the decision making criteria.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.123-133
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• 2021

This research aims to examine the effect of carbon emission disclosure on firm value and to reveal environmental performance and industrial type as the moderating variables. This study used 82 samples of companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) and receiving awards in the Indonesian Sustainability Reporting Award (ISRA) in 2014-2018. This study used a multiple linear regression analysis to test the hypotheses. The results showed that carbon emission disclosure had a positive and significant effect on firm value as carbon emission disclosure is a form of corporate concern on environment positively responded by the market and becomes the basis for investors to make their considerations in assessing the company sustainability. Besides, environmental performance and industrial type can strengthen the influence relationship of carbon emission disclosure on firm value since environmental performance was assessed based on ISO 14001 certification ensuring that the company has tried to preserve the environmental sustainability by creating a good environmental management system. Moreover, companies categorized into high profile industrial type have tried to change their unfavorable image and avoid lawsuits by performing carbon emission disclosure to gain positive responses from the market.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.427-447
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• 2011

In global, there is an active movement to reduce the green house gas. Allowance and carbon tax are the one of effective alternatives to mitigate green gas effect. In addition, the clean development machinism(CDM) can be applied between the ANNEX 1 and developing countries. It could be an one good solution to reduce the GHG. In the Northern Asia, the CDM can be the one of the possible solution to reduce the GHG because the Japan has a responsibility to reduce GHG and the China and Korea have a room to supply CDM credit. It is suffice to say that if these three countries decide to collaborate, the new international carbon market can be established that can be the similar form of EU-ETS. It is clear that few barriers must be removed to launched such new form of carbon market. Protection of domestic technology, excessive financial request of business opportunities by CDM, and irrational needs of carbon credit that created by CDM, listed constraints define as an one single word, the national selfishness. Once it is cleared, there is high possibility that the Northern Asia CDM trading system can be launched.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2023

Although low-carbon vehicles are recognized as leading the automobile market in the future, there are still many difficulties in expanding supply due to obstacles such as higher prices than conventional internal combustion engine vehicles and lack of related infrastructure. This study compares the current status of low-carbon vehicle sales and policy responses in Korea and Japan, which are ahead of the maturity of advanced Asian countries and automobile markets. The results of this study are intended to provide implications for academia and related industries and policies for the future direction of next-generation low-carbon vehicles.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.63-101
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• 2015

Banking and borrowing under the ETS may affect the low carbon technology investment level. If the indirect implementation measures are allowed, firms can gradually adjust their carbon reduction costs between implementation periods based on their carbon reduction costs and emission price forecasts. This implies that banking and borrowing may reduce or increase the level of low carbon technology R&D investment. In an oligopoly market, the effects of the measures are quite different from the ones in a perfectly competitive market. This is because the indirect implementation measures can shift market competition in Cournot competition model. The effects of banking and borrowing on the carbon reduction R&D investments depend on emission reduction costs, marginal production costs, discount rate, initial free allocation, and the cost reduction effects of R&D investment.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 1985

The fatty acid composition acyl carbon atoms and species of triglycerides from human mature milk, infant formulas (modified milk formula) and market milk were determined by argentation thin-lager and gas-liquid chromatography. Short-chain fatty acids which sere not detected in human milk were present in very small amount in modified milk formula and market milk. The levels for 5:0, 22:0 and 24:0 in modified milk formula and for 8:0, 10:0, 18:0, 22:0 and 24:0 in market milk were significantly higher than those in human milk. The levels for 10:0 and 14:0 in modified milk formula and for 12:0 and 20:0 in market milk were significantly lower than those in human milk. The relative percent of $18:2{\omega}6$ in human milk, modified milk formula and market milk were on average 12.0, 15.0 and 3.8 percents respectively. Human milk contained significantly higher proportions of both ${\omega}6-and{\omega}3-derived$ long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids than modified milk formula and market milk. The major triglycerides of human milk, modified milk formula and market milk made by the glycerides with 44-52, 50-54 and 36-40 acyl carbon atoms, respectively. There were significant differences in levels for total number of acyl carbon atoms per glycerid molecule of human milk, modified milk formula and market milk. In comparison with human milk, modified milk formula and market milk showed significantly higher levels for saturates but significantly lower levels for trienes to polyenes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.212-213
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• 2018

The cementitious composites have been developed to satisfy various demands of the construction market. The conductive concrete, which is a carbon-based cementitious composite, was used for the deicing or the detecting the internal crack. The cement-based battery is a technology that applies the basic concept of the alkaline battery to these conductive concretes. The cementitious composites could have a function as batteries, through a mixing of anode and cathode, which were consist of the zinc and manganese dioxide powder. The carbon-based materials, which have a significant effect on electrical properties, could be considered as the main variable in cement-based batteries. Therefore, in this study, the effects of carbon-based materials were investigated. Two types of materials, including the Carbon black and Multi-walled carbon nanotube(MWCNT), were considered as the main variables. From the experiment results, the electrical characteristics such as resistance, voltage, and current were compared according to the age.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.809-850
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• 2012

A linkage of emissions trading schemes among Korea, China and Japan demonstrates overall increase in gross domestic product (GDP). However, it also demonstrates reductions in household consumption, and the impact of integration could be very unbalanced between the countries. In particular, the reductions in domestic marginal costs are high in both Korea and Japan. Therefore, household consumptions in the two countries decrease despite increases in GDP because Korea and Japan will be purchasers of emissions rights. China, on the other hand, will experience the opposite. The unbalanced impacts on real household consumptions are intensified when emission credits are allocated via paid auctions instead of free allocation. This was demonstrated to be the case because the circumstances of three countries are intensified when using a paid emissions credit allocation scheme, and their differences could potentially hinder the cooperation between the three countries. Under the free allocation scheme, the emission trading schemes' unbalanced impacts on consumption could be mitigated, but unavoidable negative impacts of free allocation schemes are also serious. Based on the analysis results, Korea, China, and Japan will individually face complicated impacts if their carbon markets are integrated. Although the GDP of three countries will increase as a result of carbon market integration, the benefits of integration will surely be unbalanced, and the three countries will experience negative impacts in terms of actual consumption or employment. In particular, increases in income and consumption, reductions in employment, and energy dependence by credit purchasers (Japan and Korea) and production reduction and possibility of offshoring faced by revenue producing countries (China) could serve as a barrier to carbon market integration. To maximize the positive influences of carbon market integration while reducing the risks of negative side effects, the development and application of complimentary policy tools, such as import duties or discounts for emissions credits, are required.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2023

Carbon materials are widely used in many areas of our lives. A fiber having a carbon content of 90% or more obtained by heating an organic fiber precursor is referred to as a "carbon fiber". Carbon fibers are currently used in the medical market to manufacture radiation transmission device parts, artificial joints, and medical aids, as many developments have been made to utilize carbon fibers' characteristics such as light weight, radiation permeability, biocompatibility, high strength, high heat resistance, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity. In order to maintain body temperature and increase immunity in long-lasting nuclear medical examination and treatment through the idea of convergence of carbon materials and radiation technology, the quality of medical services can be improved by utilizing carbon materials. We should be aware of the domestic carbon-based medical device industry and make efforts to contribute to the development of medical devices. As a radiation expert, we should try to use our skills and experience to find items that can be fused with medical devices to develop various nuclear medical examination fields and radiographic examination fields that can be widely applied. We should actively engage in future technology development and carbon material research to strengthen the global competitiveness of the domestic medical device industry and improve the quality of medical services.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.375-391
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• 2022

This study investigated the online transaction status of low-carbon certified fresh agricultural products and analyzed the low-carbon certified premium. For two months from March to April 2022, eight products (rice, apple, pear, sweet persimmons, paprika, tomatoes, cherry tomatoes, and lettuce) were surveyed at major online shopping malls. The low-carbon certification premium was analyzed using hedonic price analysis model. As a result of the online market survey, the low-carbon certified agricultural products were not traded in the case of rice, cherry tomatoes, and paprika. And the proportion of low-carbon certified agricultural products in the case of tomatoes and lettuce was low. As a result of the low-carbon premium analysis, of the five products that analyzed the low-carbon certification premium, four products excluding pear did not have a low-carbon certification premium. Thus, it is necessary to expand the sale of the low-carbon certified agricultural products by distributors, and various efforts to secure the premium of certified agricultural products are important.