• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.239-245
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• 2017

This study aimed to suggest priority for developing emission factor (EF) and to develop the methodology of quantitative assessment of EF in the forestry sector. Based on the stock-difference method, 17 kinds of EFs (27 EFs based on forest types) were required to calculate the carbon emission in the forestry sector. Priority for developing EFs followed the standards, which is a development plan by the government agency, importance of carbon stock for greenhouse gas, and EFs by the species. Currently, the most urgent development of EFs was carbon fraction in biomass and carbon stock in dead wood. Meanwhile, the quantitative assessment of EF consisted of 7 categories (5 categories of compulsory and 2 categories of quality evaluation) and 12 verification factors. Category in compulsory verification consisted of administrative document, determination methodology of emission factors, emission characteristic, accuracy of measurement and analysis, and data representative. Category in quality evaluation consisted of data management and uncertainty estimates. Based on the importance of factors in the verification process, each factor was scored separately, however, the score needs to be coordinated by the government agency. These results would help build a reliable and accurate greenhouse gas inventory report of Korea.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.189-197
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• 2014

Carbon footprint of apple was a sum of $CO_2$ emission in the step of manufacturing waste of agri-materials, and greenhouse gas emission during apple cultivation. Input amount of agri-materials was calculated on 2007 Income reference of Apple by Rural Development Administration. Emission factor of each agri- materials was based on domestic data and Ecoinvent data. $N_2O$ emission factor was based on 1996 IPCC guideline. Carbon dioxide was emitted 0.64 kg $CO_2$ to produce 1 kg apple fruit, and carbon dioxide was emitted 43.6% in the step of the manufacturing byproduct fertilizer, 1.3% in the step of the manufacturing single fertilizer, 4.7% in the step of the manufacturing composite fertilizer, 6.3% in the step of the manufacturing agri-chemicals, 14.6% in the step of the manufacturing fuel, 11.5% in the step of the fuel combustion, 17.7% of $N_2O$ emission by nitrogen application and 0.18% of disposal of agri-materials. It is needed for farmers to use fertilization recommendation based on soil testing (soil. rda.go.kr) because scientific fertilization is a major tools to reduce carbon dioxide of apple production. The fertilization recommendation could be also basic data in Measurable-ReporTablele-Verifiable (MRV) system for carbon footprint.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.594-598
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• 2010

We studied on the field emission properties of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) coated with lead selenide (PbSe) nanoparticles. PbSe nanoparticles were uniformly attached on the surface of the DWCNTs by a simple chemical process. The PbSe-coated DWCNTs showed highly increased emission current density and enhanced emission stability over 20 h, compared with raw DWCNTs. We consider that the enhanced field emission properties of PbSe-coated DWCNTs were attributed to the increased field enhancement factor and lowered work function of the emitters.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.368-377
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• 2015

Bunker C fuel oil is a high-viscosity oil obtained from petroleum distillation as a residue. The sulfur content of bunker C fuel oil is limited to 4.0% or even lower to protect the environment. Because bunker C fuel oil is burned in a furnace or boiler for the generation of heat or used in an engine for the generation of power, carbon dioxide is emitted as a result of combustion. The objective of this study is to investigate $CO_2$ emission characteristics of bunker C fuel oil by sulfur contents. Calorific values and carbon contents of the fuels were measured using the oxygen bomb calorimeter method and the CHN elemental analysis method, respectively. Sulfur and hydrogen contents, which were used to calculate the net calorific value, were also measured and then net calorific values and $CO_2$ emission factors were determined. The results showed that hydrogen content increases and carbon content decreases by reducing sulfur contents for bunker C fuel oil with sulfur contents less than 1.0%. For sulfur contents between 1.0% and 4.0%, carbon content increases as sulfur content decreases but there is no evident variation in hydrogen content. Net calorific value increases by reducing sulfur contents. $CO_2$ emission factor, which is calculated by dividing carbon content by net calorific value, decreases as sulfur content decreases for bunker C fuel oil with sulfur contents less than 1.0% but it showed relatively constant values for sulfur contents between 1.0% and 4.0%.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.10-15
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• 2009

Emission regulations on greenhouse gas(GHG) in automobiles have been stringent because of global warming effect. Over 90% of total GHG emission are carbon dioxides and about 20% of this $CO_2$ emission are emitted from automobiles. In this study, 110 vehicles were tested on a chassis dynamometer and $CO_2$ emissions and fuel economy were measured in order to investigate the characteristics of $CO_2$ emission factor from passenger vehicles which are the most dominant vehicle type in Korea. The characteristics of emissions in accordance with displacements, gross vehicle weight, NIER and CVS-75 speed mode were discussed. It was found that vehicles having larger displacement, heavier gross vehicle weight, automatic transmission and specially at cold start emitted more $CO_2$ emissions. From these results, correlation between $CO_2$ emission and fuel economy was also obtained. This study may contribute to evaluate domestic greenhouse gas emissions and establish national policies on climate changes in future.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 2011

The performance of emission factor has been validated by comparison with on-road test data. Emission factor, which is a function of vehicle speed, has been acquired based on chassis dynamometer test with NIER driving pattern. Portable Emission Measurement System, PEMS has measured on-road emission. Test vehicle was operated on defined test routes under different driving conditions, and made ten trips along its route. Emission factors properly simulate on-road test result, although there is some drawback to consider variety of driving condition on real world. Vehicle specific power and acceleration have been used to explain the distributed on-road result within same vehicle speed range. The trend in carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide emission with respect to specific power and acceleration is clear. It has been found that specific power is a good explanatory variable for microscopic analysis for modal test result. Acceleration is good for microscopic as well as macroscopic analysis.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.301-310
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• 2014

Country-specific data for net calorific values and carbon emission factors requires for a higher tier estimate of greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector. The objective of this study is to develop country-specific net calorific values and carbon emission factors for petroleum energy produced in Korea. Calorific values and carbon contents of the fuels were measured using the oxygen bomb calorimeter method and the CHN elemental analysis method, respectively. Sulfur and hydrogen contents, which were used to calculate the net calorific value, were also measured and then net calorific values and carbon emission factors were determined based on the measurement results. The net calorific values and carbon emission factors determined for the petroleum produced in Korea 2012 and 2013 were compared to those in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Most of the values were different compared with the default values of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines although those were placed within their upper and lower limits. Time series analysis results showed inconsistent seasonal variation for the net calorific values and carbon emission factors.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.457-463
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• 2014

This study was carried out to find out major factors to mitigate carbon emission using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). System boundary of LCA was confined from sowing to packaging during vegetable production. Input amount of agri-materials was calculated on 2007 Income reference of white radish, chinese cabbage and chive produced at open field and film house published by Rural Development Administration. Domestic data and Ecoinvent data were used for emission factors of each agri-material based on the 1996 IPCC guideline. Carbon footprint of white radish was 0.19 kg $CO_2kg^{-1}$ at open fields, 0.133 kg $CO_2kg^{-1}$ at film house, that of chinese cabbage was 0.22 kg $CO_2kg^{-1}$ at open fields, 0.19 kg $CO_2kg^{-1}$ at film house, and that of chive was 0.66 kg $CO_2kg^{-1}$ at open fields and 1.04 kg $CO_2kg^{-1}$ at film house. The high carbon footprint of chive was related to lower vegetable production and higher fuel usage as compared to white radish and Chinese cabbage. The mean proportion of carbon emission was 35.7% during the manufacturing byproduct fertilizer; white radish at open fields was 50.6%, white radish at film house 13.1%, Chinese cabbage at outdoor 38.4%, Chinese cabbage at film house 34.0%, chive at outdoor 50.6%, and chive at film house 36.0%. Carbon emission, on average, for the step of manufacturing and combustion accounted for 16.1% of the total emission; white radish at open fields was 4.3%, white radish at film house 15.6%, Chinese cabbage at open fields 6.9%, Chinese cabbage at film house 19.0%, chive at open fields 12.5%, and chive at film house 29.1%. On the while, mean proportion of carbon footprint for the step of $N_2O$ emission was 29.2%; white radish at open fields was 39.2%, white radish at film house 41.9%, Chinese cabbage at open fields 34.4%, Chinese cabbage at film house 23.1%, chive at open fields 28.8%, and chive at film house 17.1%. Fertilizer was the primary factor and fuel was the secondary factor for carbon emission among the vegetables of this study. It was suggested to use Heug-To-Ram web-service system, http://soil.rda.go.kr, for the scientific fertilization based on soil testing, and for increase of energy efficiency to produce low carbon vegetable.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.243-282
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• 2010

In this paper, we analyze the components and trends of carbon emissions using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index decomposition method in Korean electricity industry during the period 1991~2007. In the demand side, carbon emissions are affected by electricity intensity and structural shift and especially electricity intensity is identified as the major factor which has lead carbon emissions decreasing. In the supply side, the result in variations of carbon emission for electric power generation depends on the influences of fossil fuel mix, fuel intensity, generation mix and so on. As a result fuel intensity is the most negative effect on both carbon emission intensity and the amount of carbon emission while the change of generation mix has a positive effect on increasing carbon emissions. And to conclude it needs to make the strategic policies to improve electricity intensity in the demand and to rise emission efficiency as well as to substitute thermal power generation in supply side.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.202-210
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• 2018

This study was carried out to quantify degree of contribution of harvested wood product (HWP) on mitigation of climate change by valuation of public benefits, environmentally and economically. The potential carbon dioxide emission reduction of HWP was estimated by accounting carbon storage effect and substitution effect. Based on 2014 statistics of Korea Forest Service, domestic HWPs were sorted by two categories, such as wood products produced domestically from domestic and imported roundwood. The wood products were divided into seven items; sawnwood, plywood, particle board, fiberboard (MDF), paper (including pulp), biomass (wood pellet) and other products. The carbon stock of wood products and substitution effects during manufacturing process was evaluated by items. Based on the relevant carbon emission factor and life cycle analysis, the amount of carbon dioxide emission per unit volume on HWP was quantified. The amounts of carbon stock of HWP produced from domestic and from imported roundwood were 3.8 million $tCO_{2eq}$., and 2.6 million $tCO_{2eq}$., respectively. Also, each reduction of carbon emission by substitution effect of HWP produced from domestic and imported roundwood was 3.1 million $tCO_{2eq}$. and 2.1 million $tCO_{2eq}$., respectively. The results of this study, the amount of carbon emission reduction of HWP, can be effectively used as a basic data for promotion of wood utilization to revise and establish new wood utilization promotion policy such as 'forest carbon offset scheme', and 'carbon storage labeling system of HWP'.