• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.943-951
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• 1997

The present study was undertaken to investigate the inhibition effects of sancho(Zanthoxylum schinifolium) on lipid peroxidation and liver damage in carbon tetrachloride tetracloride-treated mice. Mice aged 3 weeks old were fed diets containing either dry sancho powder, methanol extract or hyperoside isolated from sancho at the various levels for 2 weeks(sancho, methanol extract from sancho) or 3 days (hyperoside) before $CCl_{4}$ treatments. Seed coats of sancho added to diet with the levels from 1.25 to 5.0% significantly reduced(p<0.001) thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) formation in liver and serum of mice treated with carbon tetrachloride. $CCl_{4}$ treatments significantly increased (p<0.001) in liver TBARS comparing with those of the untreated control, while methanol extract from the seed coat of sancho added to diet with the levels from 0.5 to 1.0% significantly reduced (p<0.01) to 20mg per kg of body weight showed significant reduction(p<0.01, p<0.001) of liver TBARS in mice treated with $CCl_{4}$. $CCl_{4}$ treatments significantly increased(p<0.05) in serum TBARS comparing with those the levels from 0.5 to 1.0% significantly reduced(p<0.01) serum TBARS in mice treated with $CCl_{4}$, and administration of hyperoside with the levels from 10 to 20mg per kg of body weight showed significant reduction(p<0.01, p<0.001) of serum TBARS in mice treated with $CCl_{4}$. $CCl_{4}$ significantly increased(p<0.001) in serum AST activities comparing with those of the untreated control, while either addition(0.5, 1.0%) of methanol extract from sancho or administration(10, 20mg/kg) of hyperoside significantly reduced(p<0.001, p<0.05) serum AST activities in $CCl_{4}$-treated mice. $CCl_{4}$ treatments showed significant increases(p<0.001) in serum ALT activities comparing with those of the untreated control, while either addition(0.5, 1.0%) of methanol extract from sancho or administration (10, 20mg/kg) of hyperoside showed moderate decreases(p<0.01, p<0.001) serum ALT activities in $CCl_{4}$-treated mice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.516-520
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• 2002

This study was designed to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of Semisulcospira libertina and garlic on the acute hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl$_4$) of rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200∼220g were pretreated with dehydrated powder of Semisulcospira libertina (2.1 g/kg, po; SL) and dehydrated powder mixture of Semisulcospira libertina and garlic (3g/kg, 7:3 ratio, po; SG) once daily for 3 consecutive days, and then given a single dose of CCl$_4$(1g/kg in 5ml/kg corn oil, po) and liver function was determined 24 hrs later. Liver damage was assessed by quantitating activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as well as by histopathological examination. Pretreatments with SL and SG significantly decleased CCl$_4$-elevated ALT (48% and 61% respectively), AST (32% and 47%) and SDH (51% and 76%), but had no effect on ALP. SL and SG had revealed hepatoprotective effects against CCl$_4$-induced histopathological changes such as severe necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration and congestion in the central gene of hepatic lobule. These findings demonstrate that SL and SG may haute the hepatoprotective effect on CCl$_4$-induced liver damage.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.273-279
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• 2009

GATA-binding protein-3 (GATA-3) and T-box expressed in T-cells (T-bet) are now considered as master transcription factors involving Th cell differentiation, but the roles of these factors are still uncertain in vivo. This study was conducted to investigate the expression of these transcription factors in the liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$) in rats. In this study, liver damage were induced with Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi water extracts (SBW) and followed for 4 weeks. The expression of GATA-3 and T-bet protein in liver damage induced by $CCl_4$ and the serum levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgE were studied after 4 weeks of treatment. We found that effect of SBW on IFN-$\gamma$, STAT1, pSTAT1 and T-bet was decreased in vivo. Several genes were demonstrated to be IL-4 inducible prior to the discovery of STAT6. $CCl_4$+SBW group was significantly lower than $CCl_4$ group in IL-4, STAT6, pSTAT6 and GATA-3. Our data indicate that cytokine protein production were increased in $CCl_4$ group and $CCl_4$+SBW group. From these results, water extracts obtained from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi may have an immunoregulatory effect in the liver induced by $CCl_4$ of rats.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.113-119
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• 2011

This study was designed to determine the effects of larval extracts from Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis shade dried larva from Korea and China on liver tissues of hepatic injury groups. The experimental groups are divided into five groups; Normal, carbon tetrachloride single injection ($CCl_4$), Pb-CHI ($CCl_4$ + P. brevitarsis shade dried larva from China), Pb-KOR ($CCl_4$ + P. brevitarsis shade dried larva from Korea) and SIL ($CCl_4$ + 0.35% silymarin) groups. Sprague Dawley rats were oral injected with $CCl_4$ at a dose l mg/kg (20% in corn oil) for induction of liver damage for 4 weeks. Each experimental group was fed with a dose 50 mg/kg of larval extracts based on medicinal preparations from 3 weeks to 4 weeks after $CCl_4$ treatment. At the end of 4 weeks, we evaluated the serum levels of glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate-pyruvate transferase (GPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in serum and the cytokine levels of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$) (TNF-${\alpha}$) and transforming growth factor-${\beta}$ (TGF-${\beta}$) in the cells isolated from spleen and liver. The histological analysis was also conducted. The $CCl_4$ injection reduced body weight, induced congestion of middle lobe and hepatocytic degeneration, resulting in disintegration of hepatic cords, and increased biochemical markers of blood related to hepatic injury. On the other hand, the Pb-CHI and Pb-KOR group decreased the levels of biochemical markers in blood and cytokine levels in spleen and liver. Especially, the Pb-KOR group facilitated the recovery of biochemical values of blood related to hepatic injury, hepatic lesions and fibrosis. Taken together, larval extract from P. brevitarsis might prevent acute hepatotoxicity and enhance the recovery of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis induced by $CCl_4$, and the ingredients could be a promising candidate for the prevention and treatment of hepatic disorders.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.167-172
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• 1996

The studies were attempted to investigate the therapeutic effect of Solanum lyratum extract(SLE) on the liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. Male rats (Sprangue-Dawley) were treated with subchronic concentration of $CCl_4$, which was 1 mg/kg of $CCl_4$ via per oral administration daily for three days. The level of serum cholesterol, transaminase, bilirubin and BSP were measured. Treatment of SLE significantly decreased the increment in serum transaminase activities, total cholesterol and enlargement of liver but serum bilirubin was not reduced. The protective effect was observed when SLE was given daily for 4 weeks after $CCl_4$ treated for 3 days. SLE administration to rats prevented the development of fatty change, necrosis, and fibrosis induced by $CCl_4$. The results suggest that SLE has appreciable therapeutic effect on $CCl_4$ induced hepatotoxicity.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.90-98
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• 2015

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of electro-acupuncture(EA) at ST36 on $CCl_4{^-}$ induced chronic hepatic damage in rats. Methods : The authors performed several experimental items, including measurements of liver index, hematological analysis for WBC, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, hemoglobin, and biochemical assays for ALT, AST, ALP in serum, and histological analysis of liver tissue. Results : Liver index(liver weight/body weight), the levels of WBC, Neutrophils and Monocytes in blood, the levels of ALT, AST and ALP in serum which were increased by $CCl_4{^-}$ intoxication were reduced significantly by EA at ST36. The levels of lymphocyte and hemoglobin in blood which were decreased by $CCl_4{^-}$ intoxication were significantly increased by EA at ST36. Conclusions : EA at ST36 has a hepatoprotective effect on chronic hepatic damage in $CCl_4{^-}$ intoxicated rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.678-684
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• 1993

To evaluate the role of xanthine oxidase in liver damage by CCl4, a group of rats were fed tungstate for a month, which suppressed the activities of xanthine oxidase in serum and liver. Control group of rats were fed standard diet without tungstate. Liver damage was induced both in tungstate fed and control groups by two intraperitoneal injections of CCl4 at the level of 0.1ml/100g body weight at intervals of 24 hours. Increases in the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase by CCl4 were significantly smaller in tungstate fed rats than in control rats. Concomitantly, histopathologic changes were less in tungstate fed rats than in control ones. In rats either treated with CCl4 or not, hepatic type O xanthine oxidase activities were remarkably reduced by tungstate feeding. Hepatic aniline hydroxylase activities were higher in rats fed tungstate than control rats when animals were not treated with CCl4, but the enzyme activities were lower in tungstate fed rats than control when they were treated with CCl4. Neither tungstate feeding nor CCl4 treatment caused any significant changes in hepatic glutathione contents, and activities of hepatic glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. It is concluded xanthine oxidase reaction augment CCl4 induced liver damage via oxygen free radical system.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.268-275
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• 1992

We studied to screen medicinal plants having hepatoprotective activity with the primary cultured rat hepatocytes intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride cytotoxicity. The lowest concentration and treatment time of carbon tetrachloride giving the greatest intoxication to the primary cultured hepatocytes were observed in 10mM and 60 minutes, respectively. GTP and GOT activity of culture broth of the primary cultured rat hepatocytes intoxicated by $CCl_4$ cytotoxicity at this condition were increased 135.9% and 178.3% compared with that of the primaries cultured hepatocytes not treated with $CCl_4$, respectively. This increased GPT activity was inhibited by glycyrrizin, which was known to have hepatoprotective activity, and the inhibition activity was dependent on the concentration of glycyrrhizin. Forty species among the extracts obtained from 117 species of medicinal plants were shown to have the hepatoprotective activity. Among these 40 species, Prunus persica, Scutellaria baicalensis, Astragalus membranaceus, Tribulus terrestris, Caragana chamlagu, Acanthopanax sessiliflorum and Achyranthes japonica were indicated a lower GPT activity than that of Glycyrrhiza uralensis containing glycyrrhizin and GPT activity of these were indicated 75.5%, 70.0%, 59.0%, 77.5%, 60.0%, 75.0% and 79.0%, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.124.2-124.2
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• 2007

See Full Text

• Carbon letters
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.6-11
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• 2007

Carbon/$TiO_2$ composites were prepared by $CCl_4$ solvent mixing method with different mixing ratios. Since the carbon layers derived from pitch on the $TiO_2$ particles were porous, the Carbon/$TiO_2$ composite series showed a good adsorptivity and photo decomposition activity. The BET surface area for the carbon layer in the sample increases to increasing with pitch contents. The SEM results present to the characterization of porous texture on the Carbon/$TiO_2$ composite and pitch distributions on the surfaces for all the materials used. From XRD data, a weak and broad carbon peak of graphene with pristine anatase peaks were observed in the X-ray diffraction patterns for the Carbon/$TiO_2$. The EDX spectra show the presence of C, O and S with strong Ti peaks. Most of these samples are richer in carbon and major Ti metal than any other elements. Finally, the excellent photocatalytic activity of Carbon/$TiO_2$ with slope relationship between relative concentration (C/$C_0$) of MB and t could be attributed to the homogeneous coated pitch on the external surface by $CCl_4$ solvent method.