• 제목/요약/키워드: Carbohydrate Sources

검색결과 148건 처리시간 0.023초

답토양(畓土壤)의 유기물(有機物) 시용효과(施用效果) (The Effect of Agricultural Wastes on Rice Plant Growth)

  • 이상규;박준규
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • 제27권
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    • pp.56-67
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    • 1984
  • As in many other country, the use of organic matter in Korea has long history. Farmers understand the value of organic matter as the source of plant nutrient and soil improving agent in general. Since 50 years ago, the sources of organic matter in paddy soils were compost, rice and barly straw, green manure, animal waste, fish and beancake, etc.. Application of green manures such as vetch and chinese milk vetch showed no significant effect on the yield of brown rice in paddy soil. On the other hand, the effects of compost and rice straw showed more significant on the yield of brown rice in paddy soil. Application of rice straw in rice cultivation is commonly made at different times between harvest, early spring and several weeks before transplanting. Considering the suitable paddy soil for application of rice straw under well to moderately well drained soil, the yield was pronounced more than poorly drained soil. Based on laboratory and field experimants, application of rice straw promoted the decrease of oxidation-reduction potential in well to moderately well drained soil. This results to be enhanced the release of some mineral nutrients,. such as potassium, calcium, silicon, and increase of availability of soil phosphorus. In the field experiments, results obtained from nitrogen fraction on the immobilization-mineralization of the tracer nitrogen applied in paddy soil,the amount and index of organic nitrogen incoporated in soil was more pronounced in rice straw application than control. Rice straw and its transformation products incoporated in the soil, provided the inflow of energy necessary to maintain heterotrophic microbes activities. Rice straw and its transformation products, especially soluble carbohydrate, enhanced the population of free-living heterotrophic $N_2$ - fixing microbes. Moreover, rice straw and its transformation products in paddy soil, enhanced the activities of soil enzymes such as dehydrogenase and urease.

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Food Component Characteristics of Tuna Livers

  • Kang, Kyung-Tae;Heu, Min-Soo;Jee, Seung-Joon;Lee, Jae-Hyoung;Kim, Hye-Suk;Kim, Jin-Soo
    • Food Science and Biotechnology
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    • 제16권3호
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    • pp.367-373
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    • 2007
  • Livers of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) were investigated on the food compositional characteristics and also compared to that of Alaska pollack (Theragra chalcogramma). The proximate compositions of skipjack tuna and yellowfin tuna livers were high in crude protein, carbohydrate, and crude ash, while were low in crude lipid when compared to that of Alaska pollack liver. The results of heavy metal suggested that tuna livers appeared safe as a food resource. The total amino acid contents of skipjack tuna and yellowfin tuna livers were 17.7 and 17.1 g/100 g, respectively, and the major amino acids in both livers were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, alanine, valine, leucine, and lysine. Tuna livers were good sources of iron and zinc, while have low lipid content. The extractive nitrogen contents of skipjack tuna and yellowfin tuna livers were 526.5 and 468.2 mg/100 g, respectively, and their major free amino acids were taurine, glutamic acid, and alanine. From the results of taste value, the major taste active compounds among free amino acids were glutamic acid and aspartic acid.

Bacillus thringiensis var. kurstaki 감온성 돌연변이주의 일부특성 (Partial Characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Temperature-sensitive Mutants)

  • 김영권;유관희;이형환;이호원
    • 미생물학회지
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    • 제23권3호
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    • pp.203-208
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    • 1985
  • Bacillu! thuringiensis var. krustaki 3ab k-3의 감온성치사돌연변이체에 대한 생물학적 성상의 변이성의 차이를 조사하고 유전적 특성을 규명하기 위하여 생화학적 성상검사, 항생제에 대한 감수성 조사, 용혈성 검사, 돌연변이체균주의 특수배지에서의 성장비교, Mouse에 대한 치사효과를 $28^{\circ}C$의 허용온도에서 조사하였다. Urease를 생산하지 못하는 돌연변이체는 ts-U154, ts-U601, ts-U602, ts-U603, ts-U604, t-U788 이었다. ts-U603만이 운동성이 상실되었고, ts-U154는 Salicin과 cellobiose을 분해하지 못했고, ribose를 분해하지 않는 균주는 ts-U603였다. 항생제에 대한 반응은 ampicillin, cephalothin, penicillin에는 모두 저항성을 나타냈으나, ts-U154 균주만이 감수성을 나타냈다. Fructus gardenia배지에서 색소를 생산하지 않은 것은 ts-U21, ts-U74, ts-U131과 ts-U154였다 가장 적은 용혈성을 나타내는 균주는 정상형고 ts-U602였고 가장 많은 용혈성을 나타내는 것은 ts-U603 (1:512 x) 이었다. Mouse 에 대한 치사효과는 전혀 없었다.

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부산지역 학령전 아동의 아연 섭취 및 소변 중 배설실태에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Zinc Intake and Urinary Excretion of Preschool Children in Busan)

  • 임화재
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • 제36권9호
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    • pp.950-959
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    • 2003
  • To assess zinc status by dietary intake and urinary excretion of preschool children in Busan and to evaluate the relationship of intakes of food and nutrient with urinary zinc excretion, zinc food frequencies of 40 common foods affecting intakes of zinc by food fequency method, nutrient intake by 24hr recall and 24hr urinary zinc excretion were measured with 97 preschool children. The mean zinc intake was 4.29 mg and 43.0% of RDA. The mean zinc intake per 1,000 kcal was 3.09 mg.97.9% of subjects had zinc intake less than 75% of RDA. Grains food group was the primary source of zinc intake and supplied 38.9% of the total daily zinc intake. Altogether, plant food products supplied 49.7% of zinc intake. The mean urinary zinc excretion and zinc excretion per gram of creatinine were 0.19 mg and 1.00 mg respectively. The urinary zinc excretion showed positive significant correlations with height and weight (p < 0.05, p < 0.05) , urine volume and urinary creatinine excretion (p < 0.05, p < 0.001) , urinary zinc excretion per creatinine (p < 0.001) , urinary zinc excretion per weight (p < 0.001) , intakes of energy and carbohydrate (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) and usual intake of zinc from eggs food group (p < 0.05) . In conclusion, these results show that the zinc intake of preschool children is low and that sources of dietary zinc are mainly plant foods, suggesting low bioavailability. So nutritional education is needed in order to inc-rease usual intake of animal food group. Interpretation of urinary zinc excretion data is complicated by current uncertainty about "normal" zinc level at this age group. Further studies are needed to obtain extensive data on urinary zinc excretion for this age group.age group.

쌀과 보리의 식이 섬유가 흰쥐의 지방 및 Cadmium 대사에 미치는 영향 (Effect of Dietary Fibers in Rice and Barley on Lipid and Cadmium Metabolism in the Rat)

  • 김미경
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • 제30권3호
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    • pp.252-265
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    • 1997
  • This study was performed to investigate effect of dietary fibers in rice and barley on glucose, lipid and cadmium (Cd) metabolism in the rat. Fifty-six male Spague-Dawley rats weighing 244.6$\pm$2.7g were blocked into eight groups according to body weight and raised for four weeks with diets containing 0 or 0.04%(w/w) CdCl2 and four different carbohydrate sources, starch, rice flour, barley flour and mixture of rice and barley flour(7 : 3, w/w). Total dietary fibers and $\beta$-glucan contents of barley were about three times higher than those of rice (10.75% vs. 3.94%, 3.11% vs. 1.06%, respectively). Food intake, weight gain, food efficiency ratio, liver and kidney weights were lower in Cd exposed groups, and barley group among Cd exposed animals showed highest weight gain, food efficiency ratio and organ weights. Fasting serum glucose levels were not significantly different among groups, Serum cholesterol level was lowest in Cd exposed barley group. Serum HDL-cholesterol level was higher in none-Cd exposed starch and barley groups, and HDL-cholesterol : total cholesterol ratios were higher in none-Cd rice and mixed flour groups than other groups. Liver total lipid and triglyceride levels were lowest in barley groups regardless of Cd administration. Fecal total lipid, cholesterol and triglyceride excretions were high in barley and mixed flour groups. Liver Cd concentrations were low in Cd exposed barley and mixed flour groups. In Cd exposed barley group, fecal weight and Cd excretion were highest and Cd retention ratio was lowest among groups. Small intestine metallothionein(MT) concentration was highest in Cd exposed rice group, and kidney MT concentration was highest in Cd exposed barley group. In conclusion, cereals showed different effects on lipid and Cd metabolism that might be mediated by dietary fibers in cereals. Especially $\beta$-glucan-rich barley group showed greatest lipid and Cd lowering effects by increasing fecal lipids and Cd excretions.

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1999 년도 계절별 영양조사 ( II ) - 영양소섭취실태 - (1999 Seasonal Nutrition Survey ( II ) - Nutrient intake status -)

  • 김복희;계승희;이행신;장영애;신애자
    • 대한영양사협회학술지
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    • 제7권4호
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    • pp.426-438
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    • 2001
  • Nutrient intake of Koreans from the 1999 Seasonal Nutrition Survey was somewhat lower than those of 1995 National Nutrition Survey or 1998 National Health and Nutrition Survey owing to the seasonal variation in amount and kind of foods eaten. In addition to the seasonal variation, low response rate of households which were surveyed twice was another reason for lower intake. Analysis of the major source of nutrients showed that intake of energy, carbohydrate, vitamin A and vitamin C was influenced by seasonal food supply pattern. And especially, vitamin A and vitamin C intake was more influenced by consumption of fruits and vegetables than other food groups. Main sources of these two nutrients were spinach and strawberry in spring, watermelon, tomato, melon and potato in summer, and grapes and pumpkin in autumn. As shown before in the report on food consumption, intake of beverages, drinks, fruits and vegetables was more influenced by season than others and these food groups affected the nutrient intake most. With the results of the 1998 National Health and Nutrition Survey, this study made it possible to estimate the average nutrient intake of the Korean population through out a year.

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Differences in Microbial Activities of Faeces from Weaned and Unweaned Pigs in Relation to In vitro Fermentation of Different Sources of Inulin-type Oligofructose and Pig Feed Ingredients

  • Shim, S.B.;Verdonk, J.M.A.J.;Pellikaan, W.F.;Verstegen, W.A.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제20권9호
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    • pp.1444-1452
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    • 2007
  • An in vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the differences in microbial activity of five faecal inocula from weaned pigs and one faecal inoculum from unweaned pigs in combination with 6 substrates. The substrates tested were negative control diet, corn, soybean meal, oligofructose (OF), ground chicory roots and a mixture (60% chicory pulp and 40% OF). The inocula used were derived from pigs fed either a corn-soy based diet without antibiotics (NCON), the NCON diet supplemented with oligofructose (OF), a mixture of chicory pulp (40%) and OF (60%) (MIX), ground chicory roots (CHR) or the NCON diet supplemented with antibiotics (PCON). The cumulative gas production measured fermentation kinetics and end products, such as total gas production, ammonia and volatile fatty acids, were also determined. Both the substrate and the inoculum significantly affected the fermentation characteristics. The cumulative gas production curve showed that different substrates caused more differences in traits of fermentation kinetics than the different inocula. Inocula of weaned pigs gave a significantly higher VFA production compared to the inoculum from unweaned animals, whilst the rate of fermentation and the total gas produced did not differ. OF showed the highest fermentation kinetics and the lowest $NH_3$, pH and OM loss compared to other substrates. It was concluded that the microbial activity was significantly affected by substrate and inoculum. Inoculum from weaned pigs had more potential for microbial fermentation of the carbohydrate ingredients and oligofructose than that of unweaned pigs. A combination of high and low polymer inulin may be more beneficial to the gut ecosystem than using high- or low-polymer inulin alone.

배합사료 원료에 대한 방사선 살균 효과 ; 탄수화물의 살균 (Effects of Gamma Irradiation on the Decontamination of Animal Feeds: Sterilization of Carbohydrate Sources)

  • 조한옥;변명우;권중호;이재원;김영배
    • 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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    • 제2권3호
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    • pp.97-102
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    • 1987
  • 배합 사료의 전분질원으로 사용되는 13종의 곡류 및 곡류 부산물의 미생물 오염 정도와 방사선 조사에 의한 살균효과 및 이화학적 특성변화를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 13종의 사료 원료의 호기성 전세균의 오염은 $10^2-10^6/\;g$ 범위였으며 5-7 kGy의 방사선 조사로 거의 살균되었고, 대장균 균은 $10^2-10^5/\;g$로 높게 오염되었으며 이들은 3-5 kGy 조사로서 완전 사멸되었다. 총 곰팡이의 오염은 $10^2-10^4/\;g$ 정도로서 오염 곰팡이의 대부분이 내삼투압성 곰팡이었으며 5-7 kGy 조사로서 검출 한계 이하로 사멸되었다. 또한 이들에서 분리된 곰팡이는 Aspergillus속과 Penicillium속이었으며, 분리된 10여종의 곰팡이중 Aspergillus flavus group을 포함한 7여종의 잠재적 독소를 생성하는 균이었다. 총 아미노산과 전당 함량, 색도, TBA 등이 이화학적 특성변화에서는 고선량 방사선 조사와 훈증처리는 다같이 대조구에 비해 다소의 영향을 미쳤으나 훈증처리구는 더욱 현저하였다.

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구멍갈파래 (Ulva pertusa Kjellman)와 감태 (Ecklonia cava Kjellman)의 질산환원요소 활성에 미치는 질소원 형태와 빛의 효과 (Effects of Nrogen Form and Light Conditions on the Nitrate Reductase Activity of Ulva pertusa (Chlorophyta) and Ecklonia cava (Phaeophyta))

  • 황재란;강윤희;옥정현;이상래;정익교
    • 한국수산과학회지
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    • 제44권1호
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    • pp.64-70
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    • 2011
  • Nitrate reductase (NR) is activated by nitrogen sources (${NO_3}^-$ and ${NH_4}^+$) and irradiance. This study investigated the effects of these factors on the NR activity of Ulva pertusa (Chlorophyta) and Ecklonia cava (Phaeophyta). In addition, the ammonium (${NH_4}^+$) and nitrate (${NO_3}^-$) uptake rates of the two species were examined. U. pertusa took up most of the ${NO_3}^-$ and ${NH_4}^+$ in the medium during a 3hour incubation, while E. cava had a relatively high uptake rate after 3 hours. The NR activities of the two species were affected by the nitrogen source and irradiance and were highest when they were exposed to ${NO_3}^-$-rich medium and high irradiance. However, the patterns of NR activity differed between the two species. In ${NO_3}^-$-rich medium and high irradiance, U. pertusa achieved the highest NR activity ($2.01{\pm}0.07\;{\mu}mol$ ${NO_2}^-$ $g^{-1}$ DW $h^{-1}$) within the first 3 hours and then this activity decreased drastically. By contrast, the NR activity of E. cava ($0.36{\pm}0.04\;{\mu}mol$ ${NO_2}^-$ $g^{-1}$ DW $h^{-1}$) was constant for 12 hours. When exposed to darkness, the NR activity of U. pertusa decreased dramatically, while that of E. cava increased gradually for 12 hours. Therefore, E. cava is able to maintain NR activity during the dark because of its adequate carbohydrate reserves and substrate.

Fructans from Renga Renga Lily (Arthropodium cirratum) Extract and Frutafit as Prebiotics for Broilers: Their Effects on Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility

  • Vidanarachchi, J.K.;Iji, P.A.;Mikkelsen, L.L.;Choct, M.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제23권5호
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    • pp.580-587
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    • 2010
  • An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary water-soluble carbohydrate extract from Renga renga lily (Arthropodium cirratum) and a commercial product, $Frutafit^{{\circledR}}$ (both fructans) on the performance, organ weights, ileal digestibility and gut morphology of male Cobb broiler chickens. There were six treatment groups: a negative control with no supplements, a positive control supplemented with 45 ppm Zn-bacitracin, and four test diets each supplemented with Renga renga lily extract or Frutafit at 5 or 10 g/kg diet. Supplementation with low levels of Renga renga lily extract and Frutafit in the diet did not affect productive parameters, whereas the inclusion of a high level of Frutafit had a negative effect on BWG and FI compared with birds fed the negative control diet. The addition of an antibiotic to the diet significantly improved (p<0.05) the BWG and FCR of broilers. Apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter, starch, protein and fat was not affected (p>0.05) by supplementation with both levels of lily extract and the low level of Frutafit. The apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter, protein and fat was decreased (p<0.05) by the high level of Frutafit. The apparent metabolisable energy (AME) of the diets fed the high level of Frutafit was approximately 0.2 MJ/kg DM lower than that of the negative control group. The addition of Zn-bacitracin increased (p<0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility of fat. The relative weight of the liver was higher (p<0.05) in broilers supplemented with the high level of Frutafit than for negative control birds at 14 and 35 d of age. Feeding Renga renga lily extract or Frutafit had no effect on the gut morphology of birds on d 14 and 35. It can be concluded that dietary inclusion of fructans from the two sources used in this study affected broiler performance differently and in a dose-dependent manner.