• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.236-246
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• 2014

Pesticide is used to protect the crops, but also become a cause of polluting the environment. Perform a risk assessment using physical and chemical properties, environmental fate and toxicity data in order to determine the pesticide registration. The aquatic model estimates pesticide concentrations in water bodies that result from pesticide applications to rice paddies and apple orchard. The used models are the PRZM, EXAMS and AGRO shell (PA5), Rice Water Quality Model (RICEWQ) and Screening Concentration In GROund Water (SCI-GROW). The residual concentration of water body was estimated using meteorological data, crop calendar and soil series of Korea. The chosen pesticides were butachlor, carbofuran, iprobenfos and tebuconazole. It has shown the potential that the RICEWQ is possible to predict residue level in water of butachlor and iprobenfos, because the maximum value in water monitoring data is lower than the peak concentration of the model, and the minimum value is lower than the average annual concentration of the model. But RICEWQ was insufficient to predict exposure concentrations in ground water. The estimated exposure concentrations of carbofuran in ground water is very higher than in surface water because of its low soil adsorption coefficient. Although tebuconazole were not detected in the water monitoring that means very low concentration, it is possible that the PA5 can be used to predict residue level in water.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.144-153
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• 2007

One of the most recent issues facing the pesticides regulatory process is the assessment of the potential for pesticides to leach through soil and appear in groundwater. Since Jeju island depends on a hydrogeologically vulnerable aquifer system as its principle source of drinking water, it is important to identify which pesticides are the most likely to result in groundwater contamination. The objective of this study was to assess groundwater contamination risk of 21 pesticides (12 insecticides, 6 herbicides and 3 fungicides) in Jeju soils using groundwater ubiquity score (GUS). Considering GUS estimated in 21 representative series of Jeju soils, generally herbicides showed relatively higher leaching potentials and insecticides showed lower leaching potentials. Groundwater contamination risk was higher in the order of bromacil > metolachlor > alachlor > linuron pretilachlor > butachlor for herbicides, carbofuran > ethoprophos > diazinone > dimethoate > penthoate > mecarbam > methidathion > endosulfan > fenitrothion > parathion > chlorpyrifos > terbufos for insecticides, and metalaxyl > chlorothalonil > triadimefon for fungicides. Among the tested pesticides alachlor, metolachlor, bromacil, ethoprophos and carbofuran were classified as the pesticides of very high or high groundwater contamination potential. Although the ranking of the leaching potential was essentially determined on the base of the intrinsic properties of the chemicals and environmental properties, variation of the relative groundwater contamination potentials of each pesticides in different soils were not significant. Therefore, the above ranking of groundwater contamination risk would be applied in most of Jeju soils. To lower the possibility of pesticide contamination of groundwater, the use of those pesticides classified as high or very high leaching potential should be strictly regulated in Jeju Island.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.341-348
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• 2020

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily represents the largest transmembrane protein that transports a variety of substrates across extra- and intra-cellular membranes. In insects, the ABC transporter proteins play crucial roles in insecticide resistance. To date, no studies have investigated the involvement of ABC transporter gene for cross-resistance to insecticide chemistries. Here, we studied such possible mechanisms against six conventional insecticides using transgenic Drosophila melanogaster strains carrying Mdr49 transcript variant A. For the 91-R and 91-C strains of Drosophila melanogaster, although they have a common origin, 91-R has been intensely selected with DDT for over 60 years, while 91-C has received no insecticide selection. Our transgenic analyses showed that overexpression of 91-R-MDR49 transcript variant A along with three amino acid variations can yield a relatively low degree of cross-resistance to carbofuran (2.0~6.7-fold) and permethrin (2.5~10.5-fold) but did not show cross-resistance to abamectin, imidacloprid, methoxychlor, and prothiofos as compared to the Gal4-driver control strain without transgene expression. These results indicate that the overexpression of Mdr49A in itself leads to a cross-resistance and three amino acid changes have additional effects on positive cross-resistance to carbofuran and permethrin.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.258-258
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• 2005

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.167.1-167.1
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• 2001

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.18 no.4 s.41
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• pp.149-152
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• 1979

The relative toxicity of some of the insecticides which have been used for the control of paddy rice insect pests in Korea was evaluated in the laboratory with the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens, and a predaceous paddy spider Pirata subpiraticus. In order of the relative toxicity (LD5O value to spider/LD50 value to BPH) were PAP (0.4), MPP(0.1), MEP(1.8), diazinon(2.8), carbofuran(7.5), NAC(11.3), BPMC(17.5), Pyridaphenthion(35.9) and MIPC(65.7). MIPC and Pyridaphenthion were considered as having the desirable selective toxicity for the spider and the BPH.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2003

카바메이트계 농약인 카보푸란은 어류에 대한 독성이 매우 높으며, 낮은 농도에서 어류의 척추기형이나 행동이상을 유발한다. 이러한 카보푸란의 독성기전을 밝히기 위한 일환으로 신경물질대사와 관련이 깊은 acetylcholine esterase(AChE)와 monoamine oxidase(MAO)에 미치는 농약의 효과를 송사리(Oryzias latipes; Medaka fish)를 이용하여 평가하였다. Medaka fish에 대한 카보푸란의 반수치사농도(LC$_{50}$)는 2.5 ppm이었으며, 1 ppb 카보푸란에 24시간 노출된 경우, AChE 효소활성이 머리와 몸통부위에서 각각 30, 20%씩 감소되었다. 한편, MAO 효소활성은 카보푸란의 농도가 증가함에 따라 머리부위에서는 감소한 반면, 몸통부위에서는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 특히 카보푸란의 농도가 1 ppb에서도 송사리의 MAO 효소활성이 영향을 받는 것으로 나타나, 카보푸란에 의한 송사리의 행동이상은 AChE 활성 뿐 아니라 MAO활성의 변화에 의한 복합적인 효과일 가능성이 높다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2009

An arthropod community in a rice ecosystem was surveyed to determine the impact of two insecticides frequently used in Korean rice ecosystems: carbofuran 3GR, which targets the rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the early season and fenobucarb EC, which targets the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens ($St{\aa}l$) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) in the mid- and late seasons, respectively. Overall, the application of the insecticides reduced density of total arthropods by 48.4% compared to the untreated field, but their impact on each functional group were different. Carbofuran GR treatment on 1 June reduced the L. oryzophilus population significantly until mid-season. The population of filterfeeding chironomids was also reduced by 50%, whereas the spider population was less disturbed. Fenobucarb EC treatment on 16 August significantly reduced N. lugens and detrivorous entomobryid populations until the late season. Both web-building and wandering spiders were also significantly disturbed by fenobucarb EC although the impact differed according to their behavioral differences. While the population of web-building spiders significantly decreased over time, that of wandering spiders recovered from the disturbance a few weeks later.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.194-200
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• 1990

The diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) was selected over 24 generations with fenvalerate. The resulting resistant strain was tested to study development of insecticide resistance and cross resistance to some insecticides in the laboratory. Insecticide resistance of diamondback moth at the 24th generation devleoped 66.2 fold compared to the parent strain for fenvalerate. The fenvalerate selected strain exhibited 145 fold, a high level of cross resistance to deltamethrin, and also showed 17.4-45.0 fold cross resistance to alphamethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, permethrin, and tetramethrin in the pyrethroid insecticides. The fenvalerate selected strain showed 2.5-4.3 fold, low cross resistance to diazinon, dichlorvos, EPN, BPMC, cabaryl, and methomyl. However, it did not show cross resistance to acephate, fenitrothion, phenthoate, and carbofuran.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.220-226
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• 1998

The effects of metalaxyl(granule), carbofuran(granule) and simazine(water soluble powder) on the soil microflora were conducted at field soil between Iksan and Chonju province. Pesticides were divided into 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2.0 times of normal of field, respectively. The number of fluorescent Pseudomonas was ranged from $10^3$ to $10^6/g$ in both field soil treated with cabofuran. Pseudomonas concentration of Chonju field soil slowly increased and approached the maximum level at 56 day after treatment(DAT). It showed the higher at 14DAT than other DAT in Iksan field soil treated with metalaxyl or simazine, whereas it increased again at 112 DAT in metalaxyl treatment. Cabofuran treatment of both field soil showed maximum Pseudomonas number at 28 DAT compared to that of other treatments. In Chonju field soil, those Pseudomonads of metalaxyl and simazine treatment increased the highest level at 7 DAT. Simazine treatment decreased it's number from the beginning of experiment. In both soil, metalaxyl treatment decrease the general fungi number at 7 DAT, but increase at 14 and 56 DAT in Iksan field soil. However it increased at 56 DAT in Chonju field soil. Cabofuran treatment of Iksan field soil tended to decrease general fungi number at 28 DAT, but was ranged from 1.0 to $8.6{\times}104/g$ for the rest of experimental period. It started to increase at 56 DAT simazine treatment of Iksan. General bacterial concentration both soil treated with cabofuran was belong to $26.6{\sim}29.6{\times}106$. It was the highest at 56 DAT, but was not significantly different. General actinomyces number was highly increased at 7 and 112 DAT compared to that of other DAT. Pseudomonas putida or P. fluorescens from both field soil was separated and identified 10 to 30 of all 104 Pseudomonas, respectively. All isolated microorganisms showed chemical resistance of 100ppm metalaxyl, cabofuran and simazine treatment.