• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.259-264
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• 2010

Melamine is an organic base and a trimer of cyanamide which contains 66% nitrogen by mass, but it was sometimes illegally added to food products in order to enhance the apparent protein content for the bigger profit. Many Chinese infants and pet animals fed melamine-containing formulas suffered acute kidney failure with renal crystal formation. Fish feeds were also recently found to be contaminated with melamine. This experiment has been designed to determine whether renal crystals can be experimentally induced in crucian carp (Carassius carassius) fed melamine and cyanuric acid (each at 400 mg/kg/day for 3 days) in combination, and to compare experimentally induced crystals with those from pet animals with triazine related renal failure. The results showed that all fish developed gold brown renal crystals arranged in radial spherulites in the renal tubules, similar to those detected in the pet animals.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.332-333
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• 2001

Genomic DNA was extracted from the blood of the freshwater crucian carp(Carassius carassius) from Kunsan in Korea, representing genetic similarity by polymerase chain reaction amplification of DNA as twelve of arbitrary primers. The electrophoretic analysis of polymerase chain reaction-random amplified polymorphic DNAs(PCR-RADP) products showed the high levels of similarity between different individuals in crucian carp.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.77-81
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• 1998

Cytogenetic analyses were carried out with induced hybrid between common carp (Cyprinus carpio) female and crucian carp (Carassius auratus) male. The erythrocytic measurement revealed that cellular and nuclear size of induced hybrids were intermediate between those of paremtal species. The modal chromosome numbers of common carp, crucian carp and its hybid were same as 2n=100. The DNA content of induced hybrids determined based on flow cytometry was 3.7pg/cell which corresponding to intermediate value between the carp (3.6ph/cell) and crucian carp (3.8pg/cell)

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.117-121
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• 2007

To optimize the mixing ratio of ingredients to obtain the best sensory qualities, a response surface methodology with a central composite design was performed on hot water extracts using crucian carp Carassius carassius treated with diluted vinegar (pH 5.24-5.30). The optimal solutions for four parameters (overall acceptability, odor, flavor, and taste) were obtained using the second-order response surface regression models. The optimal formulation appeared to be 124.15 g of ginger and 96.09 g of garlic with 1 kg of ground crucian carp meat based on the desirability function technique.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.383-388
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• 2018

Goldfish hematopoietic necrosis (GHN) affects hematopoietic organs and causes high mortality in goldfish. The causative agent of GHN is cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2). The purpose of this study was to detect CyHV-2 in ornamental cyprinid fish. CyHV-2 monitoring was conducted on a monthly basis for 1 year using goldfish Carassius auratus and pearlscale goldfish Carassius auratus that had been cultured at a domestic aquafarm and imported from Singapore, respectively. The results of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays using specific primers for the CyHV-2 helicase gene showed that 27.8% of goldfish and 33.3% of pearlscale goldfish were positive for CyHV-2. No cytophatic effects were detected in koi fin or common carp brain cells inoculated with tissue homogenates from either fish. Our data provides the useful data for establishing future quarantine and disinfection policies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.685-690
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• 1999

The insulin like growth factors(IGFs) are bound to several binding proteins(IGFBPs) that appear to regulate IGF transfort, receptor binding, and its action. The concentrations of these peptides are regulated by quantity and nutritional quality of dietary proteins. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two diets, which differed in their protein source, Carassius carassius(CC), Carassius carassius hot water extract(CCHE), for 4 weeks. Body weight was significantly increased in the CC group(74.14$\pm$12.00 to 266.31$\pm$36.62g; p<0.01). Likewise, IGF I concentration of CC group(101.76$\pm$15.90 ng/ml) was significantly higher than that of CCHE group(38.50$\pm$ 11.20ng/ml; p<0.05). By western immunoblot analysis, especially IGFBP 1, 2 levels are increased, whereas IGFBP 3 level was de creased in CCHE group. After extraction of browning material from each samples, the extractive was filtered and absorbance at 420nm was measured. The absorbance of CCHE group was significantly higher than that of CC group. These results suggest that IGF I can be employed as an index of protein metabolism, particulary as a simple index in the assessing the status of protein nutrition.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.27-35
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• 1995

In order to investigate acute toxicity and bioconcentration of heavy metals for a freshwater fish, the fish used in this experiment was goldfish, Carassius auratus. Each ten goldfish was accommonidated in a water and was treated with different concentration of Pb and Cu compound. The 24 $hr-LC_{50}$ was obtained by plotting on the log-normal distribution graph. Furthermore, the combined effect of Pb and Cu was also investigated the fish was treated with Pb or Cu compound only, and Pb and Cu compound together, respectively. These results were summarized as follows: 1. The 24 $hr-LC_{50}'s$ of Pb and Cu were 7.48 mg/l and 0.666 mg/l, respectively. 2. When single or/and combined treatment with Pb(7.0 mg/l) or/and Cu(0.6 mg/l) to Carassius auratus for 24 hours were performed, there was significant difference between the single or/and the combined treatment in their bioaccumulated Cu concentrations. Cu concentrations in goldfish were higher in the combined treatment than in the single treatment. 3. When Carassius auratus was exposed to 0.748 mg/l (1/10 of 24 $hr-LC_{50}$) and 1.496 mg/l of Pb (1/5 of 24 $hr-LC_{50}$) for 7 days, the bioconcentration factors (BCF) were 79.14 and 100.11 for Pb, respectively. The BCF of Pb was obtained as a linearity according to the concentration and exposure time as follows log BCF=1.014 log $P\cdot T$+1.011 ($r^2$=0.9041) where, P: pollutant concentration(mg/l) T: exposure time(day) 4. When Carassius auratus was pxposed to 0.0666 mg/l (1/10 of 24 $hr-LC_{50}$) and 0.1332 mg/l of Cu (1/5 of 24 $hr-LC_{50}$) for 7 days, the bioconcentration factors (BCF) were 55.42 and 63.24 for Cu respectively. The BCF of Cu was obtained as a linearity according to the concentration and exposure time as follows log BCF=0.571 log $P\cdot T$+1.823 ($r^2$=0.8974) where, P: polutant concentration(mg/l) T: exposure time(day)

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.87-102
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• 1978

Electron microscopic studies were made to investigate changes in the fine structure of the liver, kidney and gills of Carassius carassius L. following exposure to 1 and 2.5 ppm of $HgCl_2$. The following results were obtained: 1. In the mercury-treated liver cells, an increase in the number of lysosomes were noticed. These lysosomes appeared to be of two types; round ones containing some crystalline structures and others with phagocytosed glycogen granules and mitochondria. Also observed were mitochondrial swelling where the matrix appeared less electrondense, and segregation of the nucleoli in the nucleus. 2. In the kidney, mercury treatment resulted in thickening of the basement membrane of the glomerulus, and appearance of vacuoles and cytoplasmic bodies in the proximal convoluted tubule. The vacuoles seemed to be formed from mitochondria. Nuclear shrinkage was also noticed at 2.5 ppm of $HgCl_2$. 3. Many large and small lysosomes appeared in response to mercury in the epithelial cells of the gill lamella. Also the lamellar membrane became fuzzy in appearance. 4. It can be concluded from these results that mercury-induced changes in the fine structure are associated with activation of detoxication processes and impairment of energy metabolism.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.57-68
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• 1974

These experiments were performed in order to study histologically and histochemically on the epithelial cells of gall bladder in Carassius carassius, Bufo bufo gargarizans, Natrix tigrina lateralis, Urloncha striata var. domesticus and Bos taurus var. domesticus. The results of the observation were as follows: 1. There were different cell types in the epithelium of gall bladder in each animal and it could not be supported histochemically that the epithelia cells of gall bladder were divided into two cell types of the rod-shaped and barrel-shaped ones. 2. The epithelium of gall bladder in Carassius carassius, Bufo bufo gargarizans, Natrix tigrina lateralis, Urloncha striata var. domesticus and Bos taurus var. domesticus was simple columnar epithelium. 3. The eosinophilities of cytoplasm in the epithelial cells of gall bladder were in uniform stronger in the upper portion of nucleus in Carassius carassius, Bufo bufo gargarizans and Natrix tigrina lateralis than its other portions, and in Urloncha striata var. domesticus and Lepus cuniculus var. domesticus existed uniformly in all portions, but there were many non-eosinophilic cells in Bufo bufo gargarizans and many cells that weakly eosinophilic around nucleus in Bos taurus var. domesticus. 4. The periodic acid Schiff's reactivities in the epithelial cells of gall bladder were different in each other and the epithelial cells in PAS reaction were divided into two cell types of the dark and light ones. There presented the light cells of 6.4%, 4.3% and 3.7% of epithelial cell of gall bladder in Carassius carassius, Bufo bufo gargarizans and Urloncha striata var. domesticus for each other, but were not presented in Natrix tigrina lateralis and Bos taurus var. domesticus. 5. The ninhydrin-Schiff-active proteins were much in the epithelial cells of gall bladder in Bos taurus var. domesticus, Carassius carassius, Urloncha striata var. domesticus and Natrix tigrina lateralis in order and were much in epithelial cells in the upper portion of mucosal folds in Carassius carassius, Urloncha striata var. domesticus and Natrix tigrina lateralis, and the ninhydrin-Schiff-active protein of the epithelium of gall bladder in Bufo bufo gargarizans was uniformly distributed. 6. The epithelial cells of gall bladder in Carassius carassius, Natrix tigrina lateralis, Urloncha striata var. domesticus and Bos taurus var. domesticus had no stain reactivity or weak stain reactivity to neutral fat and all epithelial cells in Bufo bufo gargarizans had strong stain reactivity, though they were different in quantity of epithelial cell portion. 7. The stain reactivities to RNA and DNA were stronger in the epithelial cells of the upper portion of mucosal fold than in those of other portions.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.33-48
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• 1978