• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
• /
• v.24 no.6
• /
• pp.1253-1262
• /
• 2013

This study observes not only how much those who studied Statistics during the college years feel that Statistics is difficult but also why they felt it was difficult. Most of the targeted researchers, 80.8 percent, say "Statistics was difficult". They selected the item "textbooks were hard to understand" as the main reason (62.5%). Based on the explanatory survey of text books, many textbooks do not distinguish the small letter, x from the capital letter, X. Hence, in this study, one of the main reasons why most of the researchers felt Statistics was difficult must be the ambiguousness of the notations. If authors keep in mind the importance of the difference between capital letters and small letters in Statistics, the Statistics learners' recognition of difficulty of Statistics will decline.

• Proceedings of the Korean Statistical Society Conference
• /
• 2003.10a
• /
• pp.223-225
• /
• 2003

통계학과를 졸업하는 학생들 중에는 50%이상이 통계학(기초)을 제대로 이해를 못하고 졸업하고 있다는 가설을 검증해본다면 그 결과는 무엇일까? 통계학을 조금 배워본 사람들은 물론이고 통계학과 졸업생들조차 통계학은 난해하기 짝이 없다고 평가를 한다면 이해를 돕는 교육이라기보다는 주입(강요)식 교육이기 때문은 아닌가? 여기서는 확률변수 X를 대문자로 쓰는 것에 유의하고, 소문자 x와 구분하여 사용함으로써 초보자들이 통계이론을 보다 쉽게 이해할 수 있도록 하자는 것이다.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.48
• /
• pp.3-23
• /
• 2010

In letter of credit arrangements, the issuing bank nominate a reimbursing bank which serves as a source of funds payment to the beneficiary. The reimbursing bank could be 3rd party bank or the issuing bank itself. In view of working capital requirements, most beneficiary want to get export proceeds in advance through nominated banks and therefore letter of credit usually permit the beneficiary to negotiate drafts, accompanied by required documents, to nominated bank. If the credit is available with the nominated bank, there must be a reimbursement instruction in the credit, because in this method of availability the issuing bank is obliged to reimburse the nominated bank if that bank acts on its nomination There are legal relationship among issuing bank, nominated bank and reimbursing bank with regard to reimbursement activities. Related rules are UCP and URR and UCC (in case of USA). Korean exporters and bankers do not appear to know well the role of reimbursement and usage. 3 cases (court case + ICC Opinion + bad practices) were employed to study the reimbursement mechanism and suggest better usages. The beneficiary is strongly recommended to know the benefit of reimbursement claim from independent reimbursing bank. The benefits include speed payment (thereby saving finance costs) and safe funds (in case of stop payment by the issuing bank right after the proceeds are reimbursed). And further the beneficiary banks (being nominated or claim banks) are also recommended to take advantage of the 3rd party reimbursement in view of the cases illustrated.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.251-271
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study is: 1) to determine error sources and the effects of each error source, 2) to investigate optimal measuring conditions from holistic and analytic scoring methods, and 3) to compare the value of reliability between Cronbach's alpha and the generalizability coefficient in self-introduction letter and teacher's recommendation letter based on the generalizability theory in identification of mathematical gifted students by observations and nominations. Data of this study were collected from the science education institute for the gifted attached to the university located within in a capital city for the 2011 academic year. Scores form two raters using holistic and analytic scoring methods in both assessment types were used. The results of this study were as follows. First, as to both assessment types, error sources for people were relatively large regardless of scoring methods. However, error sources for raters in holistic scoring methods had a more significant impact than those of analytic scoring methods. Second, to set optimal measuring conditions in the self-introduction letter and teacher's recommendation letter, if we fixed the number of raters into 2 based on holistic scoring methods, at least 5 and 10 content domains were needed, respectively. In addition, the number of items in teacher's recommendation letter should be more than 3 when we fixed the number of content domains into 4, and the number of items in self-introduction letter should be more than 8 when we fixed the number of content domains into 6 using analytic scoring methods. Third, Cronbach's alpha having only a single source of errors was higher than the generalizability coefficient regardless of assessment types and scoring methods. Hence we recommend that generalizability coefficient based on various error sources such as raters, content domains, and items should be considered to keep a satisfactory level of reliability in both assessment types.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.70
• /
• pp.109-133
• /
• 2016

As for Korea, China is very important because of an advantageous geological accessibility and high economic dependency. Therefore, the Korean government announced its plan to establish 5billion dollars' investment from Greater China (including Hong Kong and Singapore) and the government has put much effort into accommodating more Chinese investment by diversifying investment channels from Greater China. Under this major Chinese investment boom, it is crucial to conduct in-depth research on accommodation of Chinese investment and create a plan to establish Chinese capital investment that will benefit both the investing country and the countries receiving the investment. Hence, the present study analyzed current trends in Chinese investment for the Korean market, focusing on the stimulation methodology for establishing greater investment from China. To this end, this paper examined various investment characteristics of Chinese investors for the Korean market by researching investment development levels on different time lines and analyzing Chinese investment in Korea for a variety of industries. Through the research, the following study derived a more effective strategy to accommodate greater Chinese capital investment. There has been a worldwide increase in the number of letter of credit cases involving fraud recently. It may happen that the documents which are tendered to the banks under a documentary credit are forged, altered or fraudulent. Banks assume no liability or responsibility for the form, sufficiency, accuracy, genuineness or falsification of any documents.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.23-36
• /
• 1995

This study aims at scrutinizing the etymological meanings and literal usages of the term Gyung perse so as to clarify the traditional concepts formualted in the northeastern Asian countries. Related classical dictionaries and literatures in Korea and China were consulted intensively. Strictly speaking, the compound word gyung-gwan(景觀) composed of gyung(景:seen objects) and gwan(觀:seeing) in terms of word formation is not the synonym of the English term Landscpe. The Chinese character Gyung(景) composed of the character il(日:the Sun) and the character gyung(京:royal palace or capital city) originally indicated a brilliant and beautiful view of the capital city seen in a clear and bright daylight. Thereafter this ideographic letter had been used to indicate an unusual view which is aesthetically and can be used as a typical landscape schema or a model. Due to intrinsic nature of this kind of view, the meanings of gyung had been extended connotativelly as well as denotativelly: the meaning worthy of note in terms of landscape studies ar l) visible object which places some physical and psychological distance from the observer; 2)the scene or the backdrop of a theater, 3)a defined vista. With these in mind, meanings and usages of related terms as Kwung(光:light or bright), Pung(風:wind or fresh). Chi(致:fine), Mul(物:object or world), Gae (槪:general), Seung(勝:outstanding or surpassing), Saek(色:color or colorful), which had produced diversified and delicate connotations through compounding with the etymon Gyung, were reviewed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.33 no.4 s.111
• /
• pp.33-44
• /
• 2005

In order to reveal the geographical landscape's features of the East Sea-gateway(東海口), which has existed only in the era of Shilla as unique east path, we have carried out analysis of the old maps(邑誌圖) and satellite imagery, and geographical features analysis in the application of digital maps, and the result is as follows. 1. Analysis of materials from the Chosun dynasty describes landscapes called sea gates(海口) (note that this should not be capitalized); a place where the river meets the sea and the sea comes far into the land. Sea gate landscapes may have an island, but this is not a prerequisite. 2. According to the satellite imagery, the capital city of Shilla Dynasty had five passages. four or them are broad corridors, but one of them is narrow. The east side of the capital city is blocked by mountains and there was an important path which leads into the East Sea. 3. According to the cross section of the mountains, there is the only rule East-path. There was no alternative way. There was only one way-out to the east side from the capital city. This is the unique path which reaches a length of 28km. Judging from this, it seems that this path was called the East Sea-gateway. 4. The landscape of the East Sea-gateway was shaped like the letter 'V' and reached to the landscape of the sea gate. However, the route was blocked - part by the mountains, and also the part in the crisis of loss of path-landscape which has lost its own character of closure as several valleys are merged together.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
• /
• 2003.09a
• /
• pp.480-483
• /
• 2003

We propose a new framework that aims at multi-purpose image recognition, a difficult task for the conventional rule-based systems. This framework is farmed based on the idea of computer-based learning algorithm. In this research, we introduce the new functions of an additional learning and a knowledge reconstruction on the Fuzzy Inference Neural Network (FINN) (1) to enable the system to accommodate new objects and enhance the accuracy as necessary. We examine the capability of the proposed framework using two examples. The first one is the capital letter recognition task from UCI machine learning repository to estimate the effectiveness of the framework itself, Even though the whole training data was not given in advance, the proposed framework operated with a small loss of accuracy by introducing functions of the additional learning and the knowledge reconstruction. The other is the scenery image recognition. We confirmed that the proposed framework could recognize images with high accuracy and accommodate new object recursively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
• /
• 2005.11b
• /
• pp.709-711
• /
• 2005

본 논문에서는 알파벳 대문자 영상에 다양한 특징을 추출하고 이를 신경망을 이용하여 영문 알파벳을 구분하는 방법을 제안하고자 한다. 제안된 방식은 비교적 간단한 연산을 통해 입력된 영상에 대한 정보를 추출하여 신경망에 대입을 함으로서, 빠른 결과를 얻는 것과 동시에 알파벳 이미지가 아닌 알파벳 내에 들어있는 패턴들을 이용하여 알파벳을 구분함으로서 노이즈에 강한 장점을 나타내고 있다. 다양한 필체를 이용하여 실험을 수행하였고, 현재 사용 중인 상용 프로그램과 본 논문에서 제안한 방법의 적중률을 비교하였다.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
• /
• v.17 no.6 s.85
• /
• pp.20-26
• /
• 2005

For developing digital printing textiles, special pretreatment processes are necessary. These processes include developing formulation of coating agent and coating processes. The pretreatment were investigated with the variation concentration of anti-migration agent, fixation chemical etc.. The printing qualities according to pretreatment conditions were studied with color yield, printed capital letter sharpness and washing fastness. It was observed that the concentration of anti-migration agent, fixation agent(alkali) was closely related to printing qualities. For developing industrial technology of cellulosic digital printing textiles, optimum viscosity of pretreatment coating formulation is very important factor.