• Title/Summary/Keyword: Capillary limit

Search Result 76, Processing Time 0.022 seconds

The Application of Dynamic Acquisition with Motion Correction for Static Image (동적 영상 획득 방식을 이용한 정적 영상의 움직임 보정)

  • Yoon, Seok-Hwan;Seung, Jong-Min;Kim, Kye-Hwan;Kim, Jae-Il;Lee, Hyung-Jin;Kim, Jin-Eui;Kim, Hyun-Joo
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
    • /
    • v.14 no.1
    • /
    • pp.46-53
    • /
    • 2010
  • Purpose: The static image of nuclear medicine study should be acquired without a motion, however, it is difficult to acquire static image without movement for the serious patients, advanced aged patients. These movements cause decreases in reliability for quantitative and qualitative analysis, therefore re-examination was inevitable in the some cases. Consequently, in order to improve the problem of motion artifacts, the authors substituted the dynamic acquisition technique for the static acquisition, using motion correction. Materials and Methods: A capillary tube and IEC body phantom were used. First, the static image was acquired for 60 seconds while the dynamic images were acquired with a protocol, 2 sec/frame${\times}$30 frames, under the same parameter and the frames were summed up into one image afterwards. Also, minimal motion and excessive motion were applied during the another dynamic acquisition and the coordinate correction was applied towards X and Y axis on the frames where the motion artifact occurred. But the severe blurred images were deleted. Finally, the resolution and counts were compared between the static image and the summed dynamic images which before and after applying motion correction, and the signal of frequency was analysed after frequency spatial domain was transformed into 2D FFT. Supplementary examination, the blind test was performed by the nuclear medicine department staff. Results: First, the resolution in the static image and summed dynamic image without motion were 8.32 mm, 8.37 mm on X-axis and 8.30 mm, 8.42 mm on Y-axis, respectively. The counts were 484 kcounts, 485 kcounts each, so there was nearly no difference. Secondly, the resolution in the image with minimal motion applying motion correction was 8.66 mm on X-axis, 8.85 mm on Y-axis and had 469 kcounts while the image without motion correction was 21.81 mm, 24.02 mm and 469 kcounts in order. So, this shows the image with minimal motion applying motion correction has similar resolution with the static image. Lastly, the resolution in the images with excessive motion applying motion correction were 9.09 mm on X-axis, 8.83 mm on Y-axis and had 469 kcounts while the image without motion correction was 47.35 mm, 40.46 mm and 255 kcounts in order. Although there was difference in counts because of deletion of blurred frames, we could get similar resolution. And when the image was transformed into frequency, the high frequency was decreased by the movement. However, the frequency was improved again after motion correction. In the blind test, there was no difference between the image applying motion correction and the static image without motion. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between the static image and the summed dynamic image. This technique can be applied to patients who may have difficulty remaining still during the imaging process, so that the quality of image can be improved as well as the reliance for analysis of quantity. Moreover, the re-examination rate will be considerably decreased. However, there is a limit of motion correction, more time will be required to successfully image the patients applying motion correction. Also, the decrease of total counts due to deletion of the severe blurred images should be calculated and the proper number of frames should be acquired.

  • PDF

Determination of Quintozene Residues in Agricultural Commodities Using GC-ECD/MS (GC-ECD/MS를 이용한 농산물 중 Quintozene의 잔류분석)

  • Ahn, Kyung-Geun;Kim, Gyeong-Ha;Kim, Gi-Ppeum;Hwang, Young-Sun;Hong, Seung-Beom;Lee, Young Deuk;Choung, Myoung-Gun
    • The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
    • /
    • v.19 no.3
    • /
    • pp.195-203
    • /
    • 2015
  • Quintozene, pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) is a contact fungicide for control of soilborne phytopathogenic fungi during cultivation of diverse crops. It was introduced to agricultural use around 1930's as a substitute for mercurial disinfectants. Although quintozene had been first registered in Korea on 1969. However, now it was banned to use due to its high residue levels in selected harvest products. Also, high possibility is expected that the residue may be contained in imported agricultural commodities as it is still used widely over the world. Therefore, this study was conducted to establish a determination method for quintozene residue in crops using GC/ECD/MS. Quintozene residue was extracted with acetonitrile from representative samples of five raw products which comprised hulled rice, soybean, Kimchi cabbage, green pepper, and apple. The extract was diluted with saline water, and n-hexane partition was followed to recover quintozene from the aqueous phase. Florisil column chromatography was additionally employed for final clean up of the extract. The quintozene was quantitated by GLC with ECD, using a DB-1 capillary column. The crops were fortified with quintozene at 3 levels per crop. Mean recoveries ranged from 79.9% to 102.7% in five representative agricultural commodities. The coefficients of variation were less than 4.3%. Quantitative limit of quintozene was 0.004 mg/kg in representative five crop samples. A GC/MS with selected-ion monitoring was also provided to confirm the suspected residue. Therefore, this analytical method was reproducible and sensitive enough to determine the residue of quintozene in agricultural commodities.

Development of Analytical Method for Fipronil Residues in Agricultural Commodities Using GC-ECD/MS (GC-ECD/MS를 이용한 농산물 중 Fipronil의 잔류 분석법 개발)

  • Ahn, Kyung-Geun;Kim, Gyeong-Ha;Kim, Gi-Ppeum;Hwang, Young-Sun;Kang, In-Kyu;Lee, Young Deuk;Choung, Myoung-Gun
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
    • /
    • v.34 no.4
    • /
    • pp.309-317
    • /
    • 2015
  • BACKGROUND: An analytical method was developed using GC-ECD/MS to precisely determine the residue of fipronil, a phenylpyrazole insecticide used to control a wide range of foliar and soil-borne pests.METHOD AND RESULTS: Fipronil residue was extracted with acetone from representative samples of five raw products which comprised hulled rice, soybean, Kimchi cabbage, green pepper, and apple. The extract was diluted with saline water, and fipronil was partitioned into n-hexane/dichloromethane (20/80, v/v) to remove polar co-extractives in the aqueous phase. Florisil column chromatography was additionally employed for final purification of the extract. Fipronil was separated and quantitated by GC-ECD using a DB-17 capillary column. Accuracy of the proposed method was validated by the recovery from crop samples fortified with fipronil at 3 levels per crop in each triplication.CONCLUSION: Mean recoveries ranged from 86.6% to 106.0% in five representative agricultural commodities. The coefficients of variation were less than 10%. Limit of quantitation of fipronil was 0.004 mg/kg as verified by the recovery experiment. A confirmatory technique using GC/MS with selected-ion monitoring was also provided to clearly identify the suspected residue. Therefore, this analytical method was reproducible and sensitive enough to determine the residue of fipronil in agricultural commodities.

Establishment of an Analytical Method for Prometryn Residues in Clam Using GC-MS (GC-MS를 이용한 바지락 중 prometryn 잔류분석법 확립)

  • Chae, Young-Sik;Cho, Yoon-Jae;Jang, Kyung-Joo;Kim, Jae-Young;Lee, Sang-Mok;Chang, Moon-Ik
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
    • /
    • v.45 no.5
    • /
    • pp.531-536
    • /
    • 2013
  • We developed a simple, sensitive, and specific analytical method for prometryn using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Prometryn is a selective herbicide used for the control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cotton and celery crops. On the basis of high specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility, combined with simple analytical operation, we propose that our newly developed method is suitable for use as a Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS, Korea) official method in the routine analysis of individual pesticide residues. Further, the method is applicable in clams. The separation condition for GC-MS was optimized by using a DB-5MS capillary column ($30m{\times}0.25mm$, 0.25 ${\mu}m$) with helium as the carrier gas, at a flow rate of 0.9 mL/min. We achieved high linearity over the concentration range 0.02-0.5 mg/L (correlation coefficient, $r^2$ >0.998). Our method is specific and sensitive, and has a quantitation limit of 0.04 mg/kg. The average recovery in clams ranged from 84.0% to 98.0%. The reproducibility of measurements expressed as the coefficient of variation (CV%) ranged from 3.0% to 7.1%. Our analytical procedure showed high accuracy and acceptable sensitivity regarding the analytical requirements for prometryn in fishery products. Finally, we successfully applied our method to the determination of residue levels in fishery products, and showed that none of the analyzed samples contained detectable amounts of residues.

Monitoring Methylmercury in Abyssal Fish (심해성 어류 중 메틸수은 모니터링)

  • Kim, Seong-Cheol;Jang, Jin-Wook;Kim, Hyun-Ah;Lee, Sang-Ho;Jung, Young-Ji;Kim, Ji-Yeon;Ahn, Jong-Hoon;Park, Eun-Hye;Ko, Yong-Seok;Kim, Dong-Sul;Kim, Sang-Yub;Jang, Young-Mi;Kang, Chan-Soon
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
    • /
    • v.42 no.4
    • /
    • pp.383-389
    • /
    • 2010
  • The aim of this study was to determine the methylmercury (MeHg) levels in abyssal fish species. The MeHg in the fishes was extracted with hydrochloric acid and toluene and then purified using an L-cysteine solution. The extract was analyzed with a gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-${\mu}ECD$) with a thermon Hg-capillary column. The detection limit and the recovery of the method were 0.002 and 84.2-98.5% (mean, 93.4%), respectively. The MeHg content in 492 abyssal fishes ranged from 0.037 to 2.009 mg/kg. The levels of MeHg [range, mg/kg (mean)] were significantly dependent on fish species and presented as the following; 0.157-2.009 (0.546) in Scalloped hammerhead shark, 0.211-0.878 (0.501) in Blue shark, 0.121-0.993 (0.482) in Spiny dogfish, 0.243-0.658 (0.397) in Salmon shark, 0.074-1.958 (0.353) in Blacktip shark, 0.038-0.807 (0.302) in Southern hake, 0.099-0.511 (0.300) in Scorpion fish, and 0.037-0.133 (0.067) in Ling. The monitoring results showed that the estimated weekly intake of MeHg from sharks, Southern hake, and Ling were lower than the provisional tolerable weekly intake recommended by the Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives.

A Study on the Blood-Letting Therapy in Elementary Questions (("황제내경소문(黃帝內經素問)" 중(中) 사혈(瀉血)에 관한 연구(硏究))

  • Lee, Jun-Geun
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Oriental Medical Informatics
    • /
    • v.14 no.1
    • /
    • pp.19-42
    • /
    • 2008
  • Blood-Letting Therapy is a rational and ecological medical treatment by which we can heal most of the diseases by removing the static blood which precipitates in the blood vessel and blocks the flowing of blood. And the static blood is the generic term for the injurious, bad, dead and precipitated blood which is blocked the capillary vessel. The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine says that "the patient is treated with drugs internally and stone acupuncture externally. "In the old texts, the blood-letting therapy is mentioned as blood-letting, network vessel pricking, bloodletting, pricking, and arousing pulses etc and it is noted down as the method of network vessel pricking in 'On the Application of Needles' of Spiritual Pivot. Nine-pricking therapy, twelve-pricking therapy and five-pricking therapy are recorded in the methods of network vessel pricking and among them, the method of squeezing blood after pricking the affected part is explained as the network vessel pricking. There are four methods of network vessel pricking, pricking, picking, cluster needling and scatter-pricking and they are fluidly applied to the various symptoms of diseases. In 'On Discriminative Treating for Patients of Different Regions' in Elementary Questions, Ki-baek emphasizes "most of the local people, there are black in skin and loose in striate, and their diseases are mostly of carbuncle kind. It is suitable to treat the disease with stone therapy to prick with stone, so the stone therapy is transmitted from the east. "And in 'On the Corresponding Relation Between the Eum and Yang of Man and All Things' in Elementary Questions, when the Emperor asked Ki-Back, he answered "sthenia means the sthenia of evil, and deficiency means the deficiency of healthy energy. When the blood is sthenic, the evil should be discharged by pricking when out letting the blood; deficiency of vital energy is the asthenia of channels and network vessels, so the energy should drain from the channel which is not deficient, to replenish. "And in this case we can use the methods of 'Breaking out the static bloods', 'driving out the static bloods', blood-letting'. With this we can infer that the blood-letting therapy is made use of the important medical treatments from the ancient times. Especially in referring to the principles of treatment in The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine, it mostly alluded to acupuncture therapies and only eleven times to medicinal treatments. This is to verify that the blood-letting therapy formed the foundation of the medical art. In Dong's Therapy of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Bloodletting, Dong Kyeong-Chang gave emphasis on the points that there must be extravasated bloods without exception in the serious illnesses which is old, unnatural, accompanying acute pains and so we can revive our body‘s sprit by circulating 'gi' and static blood piled up in the network vessel, regulating the weakness and strength, and controling the disharmony of the internal organs. The blood-letting therapy has effect on the orifice in emergency, such as fore draining, freeing network vessels, harmonizing gi and blood, relieving pain, dispersing swelling and concretion, sedation, resolving toxin as well as strengthening the heart, relieving itching. So it has distinguished effect on all kinds of medical treatment to the modern people. But by the change of social customs and the confucianism of confucius - it is widely spread on the period of North and South Dynasties, 'Wi' and 'Jin' in china and the period of the Three States in korea - The blood-letting therapy which was regarded as the most important medicinal treatment withered rapidly. And Confucius accentuated the importance of our body and all its members, loyalty and filial piety and banned any damage of our body under no circumstances. As a result of it, the therapy of blood-letting had a rapid decrease and barely kept itself in existence in both countries. What is worse, at the period of Japanese colonial rule of korea and our nation's founding of early stage, it has been withered by the high-handed policy to change Oriental Medicine into modern medical science. So the therapy of blood-letting barely kept itself in existence in some Buddhist temples. Another case, it has handed down as a old-fashioned quick fix in folk remedies. But all kinds of the contamination of heavy metals and the misuses of antibiotics are widely spread nowadays, which increased diseases of adult people and incurable diseases as modern society unavoidably made its way into a highly industrial society. To make us more miserable, the western medical science - the antibiotics and surgical operation medical science - already reveals itself into a limit. The necessity of a new medical science which can give a security to the patients who are suffering from the diseases of adult people and the incurable diseases is especially come into the force nowadays. In view of the results after bibliographically studying on the blood-letting Therapy in Elementary Questions of the Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine, the blood-letting therapy has acted for the important Oriental medicinal science and has been clarified the prominent effects on the diseases of adult people and the incurable diseases. So it is regarded as an appropriate thing that we lay out a determined theory of the blood-letting therapy and of course prevent the unwanted side effects from inappropriate medicinal treatments, and make full use of clinic by elevating the curative value and that we win back our self-respect of medical treatment which is dominated from the western medical science and ultimately contribute to national medical welfare.

  • PDF