• Molecules and Cells
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.45-55
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• 2019

The liver is involved in a wide range of activities in vertebrates and some other animals, including metabolism, protein synthesis, detoxification, and the immune system. Until now, various methods have been devised to study liver diseases; however, each method has its own limitations. In situ liver perfusion machinery, originally developed in rats, has been successfully adapted to mice, enabling the study of liver diseases. Here we describe the protocol, which is a simple but widely applicable method for investigating the liver diseases. The liver is perfused in situ by cannulation of the portal vein and suprahepatic inferior vena cava (IVC), with antegrade closed circuit circulation completed by clamping the infrahepatic IVC. In situ liver perfusion can be utilized to evaluate immune cell migration and function, hemodynamics and related cellular reactions in each type of hepatic cells, and the metabolism of toxic or other compounds by changing the composition of the circulating media. In situ liver perfusion method maintains liver function and cell viability for up to 2 h. This study also describes an optional protocol using density-gradient centrifugation for the separation of different types of hepatic cells, allowing the determination of changes in each cell type. In summary, this method of in situ liver perfusion will be useful for studying liver diseases as a complement to other established methods.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2021

Background: Although extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is generally performed percutaneously, the technology is deployed under sedation and necessitates endotracheal intubation. However, in some patients, the use of venoarterial (VA) ECMO without intubation may be beneficial. Herein, we describe our experiences with VA ECMO performed without prior endotracheal intubation. Methods: A total of 783 patients treated with VA ECMO at a single center between January 2013 and July 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. We included patients who underwent successful VA ECMO implementation without prior endotracheal intubation, and excluded those who were younger than 18 years, had ongoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation status, and had poor quality of the vessels needed for percutaneous cannulation. The primary study outcome was in-hospital survival. Results: In total, 50 patients were included in this study, 94% of whom showed cardiogenic shock. The mean age of the study participants was 56.3±14.5 years. The median VA ECMO support time was 7 days (range, 2-13 days). Twenty-one patients (42%) did not receive ventilator care during the VA ECMO support period, while 29 patients (58%) progressed to intubation after VA ECMO implementation. The rates of survival at discharge and weaning success were 82% (n=41) and 92% (n=46), respectively, and 80% (n=40) of patients presented good Glasgow-Pittsburgh Cerebral Performance Categories scores at discharge. Conclusion: Even in patients with cardiogenic shock, percutaneous VA ECMO can be introduced safely without prior endotracheal intubation by an experienced care team. The application of nonintubated VA ECMO might be a feasible strategy in selected cases.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.55-60
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• 2022

Background: Robot-assisted repair of atrial septal defect (ASD) can be performed under either beating-heart or non-beating-heart conditions. However, the risk of cerebral air embolism (i.e., stroke) is a concern in the beating-heart approach. This study aimed to compare the outcomes of beating- and non-beating-heart approaches in robot-assisted ASD repair. Methods: From 2010 to 2019, a total of 45 patients (mean age, 43.4±14.6 years; range, 19-79 years) underwent ASD repair using the da Vinci robotic surgical system. Twenty-seven of these cases were performed on a beating heart (beating-heart group, n=27) and the other cases were performed on an arrested or fibrillating heart (non-beating-heart group, n=18). Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was achieved via cannulation of the femoral vessels and the right internal jugular vein in all patients. Results: Complete ASD closure was verified using intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in all patients. Conversion to open surgery was not performed in any cases, and there were no major complications. All patients recovered from anesthesia without any immediate postoperative neurologic symptoms. In a subgroup analysis of isolated ASD patch repair (beating-heart group: n=22 vs. non-beating-heart group: n=5), the operation time and CPB time were shorter in the beating-heart group (234±38 vs. 253±29 minutes, p=0.133 and 113±28 vs. 143±29 minutes, p=0.034, respectively). Conclusion: Robot-assisted ASD repair can be safely performed with the beating-heart approach. No additional risk in terms of cerebral embolism was found in the beating-heart group.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.332-339
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• 2022

Purpose: Although endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has been used for more than five decades, its applicability in Bangladeshi children has recently become more common. Therefore, this manuscript aims to describe our experience in performing ERCPs in Bangladeshi children with hepatopancreaticobiliary diseases, focusing on presenting diseases, as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy. Methods: Between 2018 and 2021, 20 children underwent 30 ERCP procedures at the Bangladesh Specialized Hospital, Dhaka. A single trained adult gastroenterologist performed all procedures using a therapeutic video duodenoscope. The indications for ERCP, diagnostic findings, therapeutic procedures, and complications were documented. Results: The median age of the study patients was 10 years (range, 1.7-15 years). Successful cannulation of the papilla was achieved in 28 procedures and failed in 2 cases. Repeated ERCP was required in seven patients. Nine patients had biliary indications and 11 had pancreatic indications. Choledocholithiasis was the most common indication for ERCP in patients with biliary disease, while chronic pancreatitis was common among patients with pancreatic indications. Pancreatic divisum was observed in only one patient. Pancreatic and biliary sphincterotomy was performed in 14 and 9 cases, respectively. A single pigtail or straight therapeutic stent was inserted in seven cases and removed in five cases. Stone extraction was performed in six procedures, and balloon dilatation was performed in five procedures. The post-procedural period for these patients was uneventful. Conclusion: We found that ERCP is a practical and successful therapeutic intervention for treating hepatopancreaticobiliary disorders in children when performed by experienced endoscopists.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.406-412
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• 2022

Purpose: The role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the management of hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases in the pediatric population was not well defined until recently. Our aim was to determine the feasibility, outcomes, and safety of ERCP in a local pediatric population, particularly using standard adult endoscopes and accessories. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at the National Hospital of Sri Lanka. Pediatric patients (aged <16 years) who underwent ERCP from January 2015 to December 2020 were included in the study. Data, including patient demographics, indications for the procedure, technical details, and associated complications, were collected from the internal database and patient records maintained at the hospital. Results: The study included 62 patients who underwent a total of 98 ERCP procedures. All the procedures were performed by adult gastroenterologists using standard adult endoscopes and accessories. The mean age was 11.01±3.47 years. Pancreatic diseases were the major indications for most of the procedures (n=81, 82.7%), with chronic pancreatitis being the most common. Seventeen procedures (17.3%) were carried out for biliary diseases. Overall cannulation and technical success rates were 87.8% and 85.7%, respectively. Stent placement was the most common therapeutic intervention (n=66; 67.4%). Post-ERCP pancreatitis was the most common complication, occurring in eight patients (8.2%). Conclusion: ERCP can be successfully and safely performed in pediatric populations using standard adult endoscopes and accessories with complications similar to those of adults. Adult ERCP services can be offered to most pediatric patients without additional costs of pediatric endoscopes and accessories.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.42-48
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• 2023

Background: With recent advances in cardiac surgery through minimal access, mini-thoracotomy has emerged as an excellent alternative for cardiac myxoma resection. This study analyzed the surgical results of this approach, focusing on postoperative cerebral embolism and tumor recurrence. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 64 patients (mean age, 56.0±12.1 years; 40 women) who underwent myxoma resection through mini-thoracotomy from October 2008 to July 2020. We conducted femoral cannulation and antegrade cardioplegic arrest in all patients. Patient characteristics and perioperative data, including brain diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) findings, were collected. Medium-term echocardiographic follow-up was performed. Results: Thirteen patients (20.3%) had a history of preoperative stroke, and 7 (11.7%) had dyspnea with New York Heart Association functional class III or IV. Sixty-one cases (95.3%) had myxomas in the left atrium. The mean cardiopulmonary bypass and cardiac ischemic times were 69.0±28.6 and 34.1±15.0 minutes, respectively. Sternotomy conversion was not performed in any case, and 50 patients (78.1%) were extubated in the operating room. No early mortality or postoperative clinical stroke occurred. Postoperative DWI was performed in 32 (53%) patients, and 7 (22%) showed silent cerebral embolisms. One patient underwent reoperation for tumor recurrence during the study period; in that patient, a genetic study confirmed the Carney complex. Conclusion: Mini-thoracotomy for cardiac myxoma resection showed acceptable clinical and neurological outcomes. In the medium-term echocardiographic follow-up, reliable resection was proven, with few recurrences. This approach is a promising alternative for cardiac myxoma resection.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.366-370
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• 2005

배경: 일반적으로 심장수술은 정중흉골절개를 통해 행해져 오고 있으며, 과거 십 년간 내시경 장비와 수술 수기의 향상은 작은 절개를 이용한 최소 침습적 심장수술의 발전을 이끌었다. 술자의 음성 명령을 인식하여 내시경을 움직이는 로봇 팔(AESOP 3000, Automated Endoscope System for Optimal Positioning)의 등장으로 심장수술은 로봇 시대에 진입하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2004년 4월부터 12월까지 총 78명의 환자들에게 수술로봇을 이용한 심장수술을 시행하였고 그 중 64명의 환자들에게는 음성명령으로 조절되는 로봇 팔과 대퇴 동정맥관 삽관, 경피적 내경정맥관 삽관, 흉곽을 통한 대동맥 겸자를 사용하여 5cm 우외측 최소개흉으로 로봇을 이용한 최소 침습적 심장수술을 시행하였다. 다른 14명의 환자들에게는 AESOP을 이용한 내흉동맥 박리를 통해 최소 침습적 관상동맥 우회술(MIDCAB)을 시행하였다. 결과: 로봇을 이용한 심장수술은 승모판막 성형술이 37예, 승모판막 치환술이 10예, 대동맥판막 치환술이 1예, MIDCAB이 14예, 심방중격결손증 수술이 9예, Maze 수술만 시행한 경우가 1예였다. 승모판 수술의 경우 평균 체외순환시간은 $165.3\pm43.1$분이었고 평균대동맥 차단 시간은 $110.4\pm48.2$분이였다. 재원일수의 중간값은 승모판 수술인 경우 6일($3\~30$일), MIDCAB은 4일($2\~7$일), 심방중격결손증 수술은 4일($2\~6$일)이였다. 합병증으로는 술 후 출혈로 재수술한 경우가 3예이였고 사망환자는 없었다. 결론: 수술로봇을 이용한 심장수술을 시행한 우리의 경험으로 볼 때 많은 심장외과 의사들이 로봇을 이용하여 작은 창상을 통해 최소 침습적 심장수술이 가능하리라 본다. 수술로봇을 이용한 심장수술의 이점을 분석하기 위해서는 잘 계획된 연구와 긴밀한 장기간의 관찰이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.329-335
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• 2002

배경: 한국형 인공심장(AnyHeartTM)은 단심보조장치, 체네 이식형 양심보조장치, 인공심장, 그리고 생명 유지를 위한 체외순환 장치 등 다양한 형태로 사용이 가능한 장치이다. 그 중에서도 체내 이식형 양심보조장치는 가장 독특한 형태이다. 양심보초장치 이식의 외과적 술기는 주로 삽관으로 구성되어 있고, 흉골 정중절개는 외과의사가 심장의 노출을 충분히 할 수 있어서 가장 선호되어 온 방법이다. 그러나 환자가 흉골 정중절개를 이미 시행 받은 경우나, 또는 차후에 환자 대부분이 흉골 정중절개가 필요한 것을 감안하면 재개흉에 따른 합병증은 양심보조장치 이식에 있어서 중요하게 고려해야 할 부분이다. 일반적인 심장 수술의 임상경험에 근거하여, 저자들은 양심보조장치 이식에 있어서, 도관의 상관을 위한 접근이 심장의 우측에서도 가능할 것이라고 가정하였다. 이번 연구의 목적은 동물실험에서 양심보조장치의 이식을 위한 우측 개흉술의 수술 기법을 개발하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 지난 2년 동안, 30차례의 AnyHeart$^{TM}$ 이식실험 중 16례가(11 calves, 3 canines, and 2 sheep) 우측 개흉술로 이루어졌다. 기계장치는 14례의 동물에서 체내 이식형 양심보조장치로 시술 되었으며, 체외형 양심보조장치와 체내 이식형 좌심실보조장치로 시술된 경우가 각각 1례씩이었다. 수술은 4번째 늑간를 통하여 우측 흉강으로 진입하였고, 양심보조장치의 경우에 우측 유입 도관은 우심방의 free wall에 삽관 하였고, 유춘도관은 인조혈관을 이용하여 주폐동맥애 측단 문합하였다. 좌측 유입도관은 심방격을 통하여 좌심방에 삽관하였고, 유출도관을 무명동맥에 인조현관을 이장하여 측단 문한하였다. 각각의 도관은 피하터널을 통해 우측 옆구리에 위치한 펌프와 연결하였다. 결과: Fitting test와 초기 실험의 5례를 제외하고 모든 실험 동물은 수술 후 회복되었다. 펌프의 유출량은 최고 6.5L/min였고, 평균 3~3.5L/min로 측정되었다. 수술과 관련된 사망이나 이환율은 없었다. 모든 실험 도물은 부검을 하였으며, 부검 결과 도관이 위치는 모두 각각의 심방내에 적절하게 위치하고 있었다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제38권7호
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• pp.489-495
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• 2005

대동맥 박리에서 완전 순환 정지 하에 대동맥 궁의 확인 및 치환이 필요한 경우가 많다. 이런 경우 뇌의 보호를 위해 역행성 뇌 관류 또는 전방성 뇌 관류를 사용하게 된다. 최근에는 역행성 뇌관류의 한계를 극복하기 위해 전방성 뇌 관류가 보편화되고 있는 실정이다. 저자들은 이 두 가지 방법에 대해 신경학적 이상에 중점을 두고 비교하였다 대상 및 법: 2000년 5월부터 2004년 5월까지 대동맥 박리 환자 중 뇌관류를 시행한 40명을 대상으로 하였으며, 회복과정 및 신경학적 합병증에 관해 비교하였다. 결과: 동맥관 삽관은 전방성 뇌 관류군의 15예 중 10예에서 액와동맥에 시행하고, 역행성 뇌 관류군의 25예 중 24예에서 대퇴 동맥에 시행하였다. 완전 순환정지 시식도 온도와 직장 온도를 비교하여 보면, $17.2^{\circ}C,\;22.8^{\circ}C$ (전방성 뇌 관류군)와 $16.1^{\circ}C,\;19.7^{\circ}C$ (역행성 뇌 관류군)로 전방성 뇌 관류 군이 통계적으로 높게 나타났다 이는 수술시간 및 체외순환시간을 의미 있게 단축시켰다. 회복에서는 통계적 차이가 없었다. 신경학적 합병증의 발생에서도 11예와 13예로 통계적 차이가 없었다. 하지만 영구적 신경계 이상을 진단받은 각 군의 5예를 비교하여 보면, 전방성 뇌 관류군에서 영구적 신경계이상을 보인 5명의 환자 모두가 일상생활에 지장을 받지 않는 상태로 회복되었지만, 역행성 뇌 관류군에서의 5명 모두는 일상생활의 장애를 가진 채 퇴원하였다. 결론: 전방성 뇌 관류는 정방향성 혈류를 유지함으로써 중등도의 체온 저하, 수술시간 및 체외순환시간을 단축시키고 뇌의 기능을 보다 더 보호할 수 있는 것으로 생각된다. 저자들은 향후 전방성 뇌 관류법이 보다 적극적으로 사용되어져야 할 것으로 생각한다..96$이었다. 관상동맥 우회술시 다른 수술이 동반되었던 경우가 총 10예$(6.5\%)$였다. 수술 후 대동맥내 풍선펌프는 21예$(13.6\%)$에서 이용하였으나, 비체외순환하 수술에서는 4예$(5.1\%)$로 줄었으며, 전체 사망환자는 12명$(7.9\%)$이었으나, 2001년 이후에는 111예 중 5명$(4.5\%)$으로 감소하였다. 수술합병증으로 수술 전후의 심근경색증 9예$(5.8\%)$, 저심박출증 17예$(11\%)$, 부정맥 30예$(19.5\%)$등이었다. 결론: 국립의료원 흉부외과에서는 관상동맥 우회술을 시작한 이래 수술경험의 축적, 비체외순환하 관상동맥 우회술의 도입, 내흉동맥 및 요골동맥으로의 이식편 이용 변화에 따라 수술성적이 향상되었음을 알 수 있으며, 향후 더 많은 임상경험의 축적 및 장기 추적 관찰이 필요하다고 사료된다.보였으며, 난중, 난황색, 난백고 및 Haugh unit는 처리 간 차이(p>0.05)가 없었다.이고, 환자 1인당 Wedge filter의 교체작업이 $1{\sim}2$회일 때 10MV의 경우 연간선량이 $0.08{\sim}0.4mSv$로 평가되었으며, 15MV의 경우 $0.27{\sim}1.36mSv$로 평가되어 작업종사자의 연간 허용선량인 20mSv에 비해 안전한 것으로 평가되었다.서 정상조직이 적게 조사되었다. 결과 : 기존의 ICRU계획은 그 효과 및 안전성이 입증되었음에도 불구하고 CT를 이용한 CTV계획 등을 적용 한다면 잔류종양이 적은 경우 정상조직에 대한 조사를 줄이면서 잔류종양에 목표선량을 조사할 수 있을 것이다. 다만 잔류종양이

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.917-925
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• 2014

An accurate feed formulation is essential for optimizing feed efficiency and minimizing feed cost for swine and poultry production. Because energy and amino acid (AA) account for the major cost of swine and poultry diets, a precise determination of the availability of energy and AA in feedstuffs is essential for accurate diet formulations. Therefore, the methodology for determining the availability of energy and AA should be carefully selected. The total collection and index methods are 2 major procedures for estimating the availability of energy and AA in feedstuffs for swine and poultry diets. The total collection method is based on the laborious production of quantitative records of feed intake and output, whereas the index method can avoid the laborious work, but greatly relies on accurate chemical analysis of index compound. The direct method, in which the test feedstuff in a diet is the sole source of the component of interest, is widely used to determine the digestibility of nutritional components in feedstuffs. In some cases, however, it may be necessary to formulate a basal diet and a test diet in which a portion of the basal diet is replaced by the feed ingredient to be tested because of poor palatability and low level of the interested component in the test ingredients. For the digestibility of AA, due to the confounding effect on AA composition of protein in feces by microorganisms in the hind gut, ileal digestibility rather than fecal digestibility has been preferred as the reliable method for estimating AA digestibility. Depending on the contribution of ileal endogenous AA losses in the ileal digestibility calculation, ileal digestibility estimates can be expressed as apparent, standardized, and true ileal digestibility, and are usually determined using the ileal cannulation method for pigs and the slaughter method for poultry. Among these digestibility estimates, the standardized ileal AA digestibility that corrects apparent ileal digestibility for basal endogenous AA losses, provides appropriate information for the formulation of swine and poultry diets. The total quantity of energy in feedstuffs can be partitioned into different components including gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and net energy based on the consideration of sequential energy losses during digestion and metabolism from GE in feeds. For swine, the total collection method is suggested for determining DE and ME in feedstuffs whereas for poultry the classical ME assay and the precision-fed method are applicable. Further investigation for the utilization of ME may be conducted by measuring either heat production or energy retention using indirect calorimetry or comparative slaughter method, respectively. This review provides information on the methodology used to determine accurate estimates of AA and energy availability for formulating swine and poultry diets.