• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.243-248
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• 2009

After the original identification of canine parvovirus (CPV) type 2 (CPV-2) in 1978, new antigenic variants such as CPV-2a, CPV-2b and CPV-2c have become widespread in the most countries. In this study, the genetic analysis of canine parvovirus was investigated in a total of 13 CPV vaccines, which have been licensed in Korea since late 1980s, and a field isolate of CPV from a dog with CPV infection clinical symptom. The partial VP2 gene of CPV was amplified and sequenced from 13 vaccine strains and one field isolate. The results showed that of the 13 vaccine strains, 10 strains belong to the CPV-2, 2 strains to CPV-2b, the remaining and one isolate to CPV-2a type, respectively. Several mutations of amino acids were detected at residues of the critical region of the commercial vaccine strains. These data suggest that new type of vaccines containing CPV-2a or CPV-2b/2c type may be required for the better prevention of new CPV infection in dog population in Korea, because CPV-2 contained in most licensed vaccines has been replaced by antigenic variants designated CPV-2a or CPV-2b/c in the worldwide dog population.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.46-55
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• 1998

This study was performed to verify the effect of modified live virus vaccine against canine parvovirus (CPV) infection. Serum hemagglutination inhibition (Hl) test, histopathological and immunohistochemical techniques and polymerase chain reaction were used. The results were as follows: 1. During the experimental terms after vaccination, serum Hl titer was stable. Geometric mean titer (GMT) after the 1st vaccination was 280. After virulent CPV was challenged, GMT was 1,306. 2. After challenge by virulent CPV, the vaccinated group was not shown clinical signs and gross and histopathological findings. 3. After challenge by virulent CPV, the vaccinated group was not detected viral antigens in the small intestine immunohistochemically. 4. After challenge by violent CPV, the vaccinated group was not shown virus shedding in feces. In conclusions the overall results confirmed that modified live virus vaccine was effective on prevention of canine parvovirus infection.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.3.1-3.8
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• 2024

Canine distemper virus (CDV), canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), canine parvovirus (CPV), and canine parainfluenza virus 5 (CPIV-5) are the major viral pathogens in dogs. Despite the availability of vaccines for dogs against these 4 viral pathogens, investigations of antibodies against these pathogens have rarely been reported in South Korea. In this study, we investigated the recent incidence of viral diseases in dogs and conducted sero-surveillance for CDV, CAV-2, CPV, and CPIV-5 in Korean dogs. The most frequently diagnosed canine viral disease in Korean dog samples from 2000 to 2022 was CPV infection, which accounted for 48.7% (464/953) of the cases. A total of 400 dog serum samples collected between 2019 and 2022 were screened for the presence of virus-neutralizing antibodies against CDV, CAV-2, CPV, and CPIV-5. The overall seropositivity rates for CDV, CAV-2, CPV, and CPIV-5 were 83.8%, 77.8%, 99.3%, and 82.0%, respectively. The protection rate against CPV was the highest (98.3%) and that against CAV-2 was the lowest (44.8%) in dog sera. Male and female dogs showed no significant differences in seropositivity rates. CDV and CPIV-5 seropositivity increased with age in dogs, and the highest incidence and seropositivity rates of CPV indicated that Korean dogs have been continuously exposed to wild CPV, and that CPV is a pathogen that urgently requires attention among canine viral diseases.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.597-603
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• 1992

To elucidate the molecular genetical properties of the canine parvoviruses isolated from the diseased puppies in the regions of Kyunggi and Chungnam provinces, the replicative form (RF) DNA of four field isolates were compared with those of two attenuated vaccine strains and a reference strains of CPV by restriction endonuclease analysis (REA). REA by Hinf I showed that three CPV isolates except CPV-V15 had an identical banding pattern with two vaccine strains, one standard strain and feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV). In CPV-V15 strain the fourth fragment of DNA with 800 bp was deleted. REA by Bgl II and Pst I indicated that CPV-V15 and FPLV had a bigger second fragment than those of the other strains of CPV. Meanwhile REA by Bam HI revealed that all the field isolates and vaccine strains used in this experiment showed similar banding patterns.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.555-567
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• 1992

In this study gene encoding structural proteins of a CPV isolate was cloned and sequenced to elucidate the molecular genetical properties of the canine parvoviruses isolated from the field. Six recombinant plasmids of pEP3, p1471, p2070, pEP069, pEP338 and p14711p were constructed from the map positions 22 to 98 of RF DNA to clone the VP1 and VP2 genes of CPV-V20. Sequentialy the gene comprising 3780 nucleotides were sequenced by dideoxy chain termination method. When nucleotide sequence of gene encoding the structural proteins of CPV-V20 was compared with those of other strains, CPV-N, CPV-d and CPV-780929 published previously, DNA, homologies to CPV-V20 were 99.87% with CPV-N, 99.73% with CPV-d, 96.85% with CPV-780929 and 98.4% with FPLV-Carl, respectively. The DNA sequence data of CPV-V20 showed seven point mutations and also deletion of 135 nucleotides from the nucleotide position 4745 to 4879 located in the 3'-noncoding region of CPV-N.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.163-167
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• 2015

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a major diarrhea-causing agent in puppies. Since CPV type 2 (CPV-2) emerged in 1978, new antigenic variants including CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c have been identified in many countries. Two puppies died suddenly at a veterinary clinic in Gyeonggi province, South Korea. Two viruses were isolated in A72 cells, confirmed as CPV strains based on a CPV rapid kit and an indirect fluorescence test and designated QIACP1403 and QIACP1404. The nucleotide sequences of complete VP2 genes of QIACP1403 and QIACP1404 were determined, and the corresponding amino acid sequences were deduced. Molecular analyses revealed that the QIACP1403 and QIACP1404 isolates were type CPV-2b. Several mutated amino acids were detected on VP2 gene residues of the two isolates. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the two isolates were most closely related to strain CPV-BM11, which was isolated from Chinese dogs in 2011. Our results suggest that these isolates may be a candidate for a vaccine to prevent CPV infection in dogs after conducting passages of the isolates in an in vitro culture system.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 1995

An indirect immunofluorescent antibody test was applied to survey the antibody prevalence on five canine viruses including canine distempervirus(CDV), canine parvovirus(CPV), canine coronavirus(CCV), canine adenovirus type-2(CAV-2), canine parainfluenzavirus(CPIV) in dogs. The period studied was from October 1992 to June 1993. A total of 80 dog sera was collected from veterinary clinics in Kwangju and Seoul, and examined for the presence of virus antibodies. Immunofluorescent antibodies(IFA) to all viruses were present in a high percentage of 80 sera tested. Seventyfive(93.8%) showed detectable IFA against CPV, 67(83.8%) against CDV, 51(63.8%) against CCV, 42(52.5%) against CPIV and 34(42.5%) against CAV-2. These suggested that all viruses were endemic in the communities. IFA levels against each virus were also distributed fairly irregularly. IFAs for CDV and CPV were detected more frequently with a relatively high incidence in vaccinated group less than 1 years of age. IFAs for CAV-2 were detected more frequently with growing age. In the correlation of clinical signs and antibody prevalence, dogs that showed hematochezia and vomiting had high titers in the positive sera is noteworthy, particularly for CDV and CPV. The significance between dogs those who had diarrhea, dyspnea and salivation and those viruses were obscure.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.63 no.2
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• pp.19.1-19.6
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• 2023

Rapid immunochromatography test (RICT) kits are commonly used for the diagnosis of canine parvovirus (CPV) because of their rapid turnaround time, simplicity, and ease of use. However, the potential for cross-reactivity and low sensitivity can yield false-positive or false-negative results. There are 4 genotypes of CPV. Therefore, evaluating the performance and reliability of RICT kits for CPV detection is essential to ensure accurate diagnosis for appropriate treatment. In this study, we evaluated the performance of commercial RICT kits in the diagnosis of all CPV genotypes. The cross-reactivity of 6 commercial RICT kits was evaluated using 8 dog-related viruses and 4 bacterial strains. The limit of detection (LOD) was measured for the 4 genotypes of CPV and feline panleukopenia virus. The tested kits showed no cross-reactivity with the 8 dog-related viruses or 4 bacteria. Most RICT kits showed strong positive results for CPV-2 variants (CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c). However, the 2 kits produced negative results for CPV-2 or CPV-2b at a titer of 10⁵ FAID₅₀/mL, which may result in inaccurate diagnoses. Therefore, some kits need to improve their LOD by increasing their binding efficiency to detect all CPV genotypes.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.308-313
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• 2006

This study was performed to monitor the level of serum canine parvovirus(CPV) antibody titers in adult dogs throughout the Korea from January 2003 to April 2004. A total of clinically healthy 885 dogs between 1 year and 17 years old were included in this study. Serum antibody titers against CPV were measured by means of hemagglutination inhibition(HI) titers at the time dogs were brought to the hospital for revaccination. Most of dogs had been primarily vaccinated or previously revaccinated. Dogs were grouped by age, breed, sex, and primary vaccination and revaccination to determine whether these factors were associated with antibody titers. Serum CPV titers ${\geq}80$ were considered protective. Protective antibodies against CPV were present in 95.0% of the population. Breed, age, and primary vaccination and revaccination were not significantly associated with serum CPV antibody titers. But sex was significantly associated with CPV antibody titers. The results of this study have shown that there is a need to reconsider the annual revaccination strategy against CPV infection.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2023

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) and canine coronavirus (CCoV) are major pathogens that can induce gastroenteritis in dogs. They are highly contagious and have a high morbidity rate. There are no specific treatments available for them to date. Therefore, rapid and accurate diagnosis becomes essential. The rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for animals can be used widely in the field because it is fast and easy to use for diagnosis. Thus, this study aimed to clinically evaluate and confirm the clinical utility of CPV-2/CCoV RDT. The parameters evaluated included the limit of detection (LoD), cross-reactivity, interference, sensitivity, specificity, negative likelihood ratio (NLR), and kappa value. The results revealed that the LoD values for CPV-2 and CCoV were 9.7×10 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID₅₀)/mL and 2.5×10² TCID₅₀/mL, respectively. There was no cross-reactivity with nine pathogens or interference by interfering materials. The RDT showed a sensitivity of 90.0%, a specificity of 100.0%, NLR of 0.1, and a kappa value of 0.90 for diagnosing both viruses. In conclusion, CPV-2/CCoV RDT is useful as a screening test because of its high sensitivity, specificity, kappa value, and low NLR.