• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.24 no.8
• /
• pp.1092-1099
• /
• 2011

To evaluate the effects of replacing concentrate with urea molasses treated fermented wheat straw (FWS) ensiled with cattle manure (CM) on ruminal characteristics, in situ digestion kinetics and nitrogen (N) metabolism was studied in Nili Ravi cannulated buffalo bulls in a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square Design. Wheat straw treated with urea (4%) and molasses (6%) was ensiled with cattle manure (CM) (70:30) and fermented for 40 days. Four iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets were formulated. In the FWS0, FWS10, FWS20 and FWS30 diets 0, 10, 20 and 30% of the concentrate was replaced with FWS, respectively. Daily intake by bulls was restricted to 1.5% dry matter (DM) of body weight. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration was greater (p<0.05) in bulls fed FWS diet than for those fed FWS0 diet at 3, 6, 9 and 12 h post-parandial. Bulls fed FWS 20 and FWS 30 diets had higher ruminal pH at 3 and 6 h post-parandial than bulls fed FWS10 and FWS0. Ruminal total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations 3 h post-parandial were greater (p<0.05) in bulls fed FWS0 than those fed FWS diets. However ruminal VFA tended to increase at 6, 9 and 12 h post-parandial as the level of FWS increased. In situ ruminal DM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradation, rates of disappearance and extent of digestion were higher (p<0.05) for bulls fed FWS30 diet than those fed FWS0. Ruminal DM and NDF lag time tended to decrease (p<0.05) as FWS concentration in the diet increased. Feed intake, nitrogen intake, N-balance and blood urea-N did not differ (p>0.05) in buffalo bulls fed different diets. Wheat straw treated with urea and molasses and ensiled with CM enhanced the nutritive value of wheat straw and improved nutrient utilization in buffalo bulls when up to 30% of the concentrate was replaced with FWS; no adverse effects on ruminal characteristics and nutrients digestibilities were detected.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.841-848
• /
• 2013

Background: The incidence of various types of cancers including the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) has increased during the recent years. Diet and lifestyle factors have been reported to play an important role in the etiology of NHL. However, no such data are available from the Middle Eastern countries, including Oman. Materials and Methods: Forty-three histologically confirmed cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) diagnosed at the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH) and the Royal Hospital (RH), Muscat, Oman and forty-three age and gender matched controls were the subjects of this study. Frequency matching was used to select the control population. Information on social and demographic data as well as the dietary intake was collected by personal interviews, using a 117-items semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Results: A non-significant increased risk of NHL was observed with higher body mass index (BMI) (OR=1.20, 95%CI: 0.45, 2.93), whereas a significantly decreased risk of NHL was associated with a higher educational level (OR=0.12, 95%CI: 0.03, 0.53). A significantly increased risk was observed for higher intake of energy (OR=2.67, 95%CI: 0.94, 7.57), protein (OR=1.49, 95%CI: 0.54, 4.10) and carbohydrates (OR=5.32, 95%CI: 1.78, 15.86). Higher consumption of daily servings from cereals (OR=3.25, 95%CI: 0.87, 12.09) and meat groups (OR=1.55, 95%CI: 0.58, 4.15) were also found to be associated with risk of NHL, whereas a significantly reduced risk was associated with higher consumption of vegetables (OR=0.24, 95%CI: 0.07, 0.82). The consumption of fruits, milk and dairy products however showed no significant association with the risk of developing NHL. Conclusion: The results suggest that obesity, high caloric intake, higher consumption of carbohydrate and protein are associated with increased risk of NHL, whereas a significantly reduced risk was observed with higher intake of vegetables.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.34 no.5
• /
• pp.485-492
• /
• 2001

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus has been rapidly increased in parallel with the westernization of eating behavior in Korea. Increased consumption of animal fat and simple sugar can be potential contributors for insulin resistance. The purpose of the study was to determine whether Western-(WD) and Korean-style(KD) diets altered insulin secretion and insulin resistance in male Sprague Dawley rats. Rats weighing 98$\pm$5g were provided by KD(77 En% of starch, 5 En% of corn oil and 13 En% of gluten plus 5 En% of casein), WD(42 En% of starch, 40 En% of butter and 18% of casein) or control diet(62 En% of starch, 20 En% of corn oil and 18% of casein) for 12 weeks. Body weights were lower in KD compared to WD. Fasting blood glucose levels were not different among diets. Insulin secretion from the beta cells was higher by 2.2$\pm$0.4 folds in WD than KD at baseline. In hyperglycemic clamp insulin secretion was higher in WD than KD and CD. Whole body glucose disposal rates referred to the state of insulin sensitivity were lowest in WD among groups. Glycogen deposits in soleus and quadriceps muscles were lowest in WD among all groups, but their triglyceride contents were highest. GLUT4 contents and glycogen synthase were lowest in WD in both muscles. In conclusions, westernization of diets needed more insulin to normalization of blood glucose levels due to increased insulin resistance. Thus, WD would lead to increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus when increased insulin resistance could not be compensated by insulin secretion in the case of elevated blood glucose levels. (Korean J Nutriton 34(5) : 485~492, 2001)

• Resources Recycling
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.47-56
• /
• 2008

The aim of this study is to produce cokes which can be used for the production of ferroalloy, for this purpose, domestic anthracite mixed with plastic was sintered at various condition. The combustion and physical properties of anthracite and plastic, coal separation, and the influence of factors on the strength of coke were investigated. The results of this study are as follows: 1. The three kinds of anthracite from the Samcheok region contained 25 to 30% ash of $100{\mu}m$ over size, and have the caloric value of 5,205 cal/g(TaeAn), 4,893 cal/g(JangSung), 4,873cal/g(KyongDong). 2. The recommendable conditions for heavy-fluid separation of the Samcheok coal are to set the specific gravity of heavy fluid to 2.4 and control the size of coal to $35{\sim}140mesh$. 3. It is concluded that phenolic resin powder, liquefied phenolic resin, SAN, and melamine resin can be used as a binder for the anthracite cokes, from the thermal analysis of various plastics. Especially, the liquefied phenolic resin was considered as the most suitable binder as it would simplify the process.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.89-95
• /
• 2009

The current enforce decree of "The Act on the Promotion of Construction Waste Recycling" divides seventeen kinds of construction wastes by property and configuration. Mixed construction waste, one of them classified by the enforce decree, is composed two more than justified construction wastes except refuse soil and rock. In construction wastes justified by enforce decree of this law, most refuse concrete and asphalt concrete of construction wastes are recycled. As well as refuse metal is separated, sorted from bulk them, and merchandised for value. Finally this is used the secondary manufactured products. Even though combustible construction wastes like refuse wood, plastics, fiber can be recycled RDF(Refuse derived fuel) or RPF(Refuse plastic fuel) because of high caloric value and low heavy metal but most of them are discharged as mixed construction waste and then treated by treated by incineration and landfill. Therefore, to control construction waste flow efficiently, construction wastes are classifies first combustible, incombustible, mixed combustible, incombustible and etc. in this study. The combustible waste is consisted refuse wood, plastics, fiber and etc. and incombustible waste contains refuse concrete, asphalt, and etc. Mixed construction is construction waste that can not separate from mixed waste bulk with different kinds.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.34 no.9
• /
• pp.1381-1387
• /
• 2005

This study was intended to evaluate the weight control program for 18 obese female college students during 9 weeks. The weight control program was composed of periodical counsel for self-control of dietary attitude and exercise with personal/group program. The female college students were average 21.3 years old and average 161.8 cm of height. The subjects were classified into 2 groups based on BMI: overweight group $25\le{BMI}<27$, obese group BMI$\ge$27. The subjects were average 71.56 kg of weight and $27.25 kg/m^2$ of BMI before they joined the program. The prompt of joining was less self-confidence for appearance. After 9 weeks, the overweight group lost their weight about 3.28 kg and also reduced 1.61 percentage of body fat. The obese group also lost their weight about 3.0 kg but reduced only 0.8 percentage of body fat. The serum levels of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol dropped significantly (p<0.05) in the overweight group. The $VO_2$ max inclosed 2.71 mL/kg/min in the overweight group. The obese group reduced caloric intakes from $109.2\%\;to\;86.5\%$ of RDA. The scores of dietary attitude such as eating speed, snack frequency, watching TV or reading during the eating were significantly increased (p<0.05) in obese group. These overall results suggest this program would be effective in self-weight control of overweight people. But the obese group assumed negative attitude in self-exercise program. So it is necessary to manage weight control programs, as considering obesity degree of subjects.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.1-16
• /
• 1982

Excessive fat deposition, particularly in the abdominal region, has become a problem in broiler production. When the caloric intake exceeds the body demands for energy, excess food is stored as fat in broilers. Researchers have shown that fat deposition varies with breed, strain, sex age, nutrition, exercise, ambient temperature and rearing systems. These factors affect fat deposition through their effects on the size or the number of adipose cells or a combination of both. In some measurements on live birds to predict body fat, the wet weight and percentage fat of skin in pectoral feather tract are significantly correlated with percentage abdominal fat. But these correlation coefficients are not so high. Therefore, correlation coefficients indicate that these measurements on live birds ate not useful for estimating body fat weight and percentage. Most reports show that an increase in the proportion of carcass fat, when measured at a given age, is correlated with selection for increased body weight. On the other hand some research results show that selection for body$.$weight gain dose not lead to an alteration in the proportion carcass fat when measured at a given body weight. Besides, selection for improved food conversion efficiency alone resulted in a decrease in carcass fat and an increase in protein and water when measured at either a given age or body weight, Thus eventhough it is uncertain whether carcass fat is increasing as a result of body-weight selection in broilers: however it is clear that selection for improved food conversion efficiency, either alone or in combination with growth rate, should result in leaner carcasses than selection for growth rate alone.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
• /
• v.22 no.6
• /
• pp.429-437
• /
• 2012

This study predicted temperature in the disposal tunnels using computational fluid dynamics based on natural ventilation quantity that comes from high altitude and temperature differences that are the characteristics of high level waste repository. The result of the previous study that evaluated quantitatively natural ventilation quantity using a hydrostatic method and CFD shows that significant natural ventilation quantity is generated. From the result, this study performed the prediction of temperature in disposal tunnels by natural ventilation quantity by the caloric values of the wastes, at both deep geological repository and surface repository. The result of analysis shows that deep geological repository is effective for thermal control in the disposal tunnels due to heat transfer to rock and the generation of sufficient natural ventilation quantity, while surface repository was detrimental to thermal control, because surface repository was strongly affected by external temperature, and could not generate sufficient natural ventilation quantity. Moreover, this study found that in the case of deep geological repository with a depth of 200 m, the heatof about $10^{\circ}C$ was transferred to the depth of 500 m. Thus, it is considered that if the high level waste repository scheduled to be built in the country is designed placing an emphasis on thermal control, deep geological repository rather than surface repository is more appropriate.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.3 no.5
• /
• pp.729-738
• /
• 1998

In order to investigate the types of enteral nutrition formulas currently used in hospitals and evaluate and categorize the commercially prepared enteral nutrition formulas formulas available in the domestic market, we asked dietitians working in 6 hospitals in Seoul to complete the questionnaire and obtained compositional characteristics of 12 commercially prepared enteral nutrition formulas. The average proportion of patients receiving the commercially prepared enteral nutrition formulas(60.6%) was greater than that of patients receiving the in-hospital preparations(31.9%). In the group of patients receiving the in-hospital prepared formulas, the enteral feeding was mainly administered orally, whereas, in the group of patients receiving the commercially prepared formulas, tube feeding was the primary route of formula administration. In both groups, however, a greater proportion of patients received the formulas as total replacements of their meals and for the purpose of dietary supplementation. On the basis of major criteria for evaluation of the commercially prepared enteral nutrition formulas, the 6 products out of the 9 nutritionally complete products formulated for the purpose of dietary supplementation were grouped into the same category(standard protein, caloric density of 1kcal/ml, and tube/oral), so they were considered therapeutically comparable. However, the remaining 3 products were different in protein content(high protein) or route of administration(tube only). Of the 3 nutritionally complete products formulated specifically for the purpose of dietary therapy, 2 products were formulated for patients with renal disease, and the one product was formulated for diabetic patients. Therefore, the data in this study showed that the commercially prepared enteral nutriton formulas became an important part of the enteral nutrition for hospitalized patients in Korea, but the domestic market has not yet generated a wide variety of the formulas, not providing many choices for clinicians to manage the diets for their patients. The results of this study would be helpful for clinicians in choosing appropriate products for their patients, for manufactures in developing new products, and for regulatory authorities to establish the regulation for the broad group of heterogeneous products that are marketed and will be developed as medical foods. In addition, the process of maintaining the categories for evaluation of the commercially prepared enteral nutrition formulas should be dynamic because new products may not reasonably fit any of the existing categories.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.2 no.4
• /
• pp.505-514
• /
• 1997

Concern about body weight among young females is too much, so distorted body image and restrained eating are serious problems among Korean young females. A society preoccupied with thinness give a psychological burden to women, this burden may have adverse effects on health physically and psychologically. We tried this study to investigate body image, eating problems, and dietary intakes among female college students in urban areas of Korea. We satisfactorily surveyed using their body weight, desired weight dieting, binge eating, and night eating by self-questionnaires with 500 female college students. We evaluated their dietary intakes by semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires to assess their usual intakes. After removing incomplete data, we analyzed 469 data by SAS 6.10. The 469 women aged 21.1 years. Their mean height, weight, and BMI were 161.4cm, 52.5kg, and 20.2kg/$m^2$ respectively. Though the frequency of obesity was only 2.6$\%$, the frequency of dissatisfaction with their body weight was 84.7$\%$. Female college students desired their hight, weight, and BMI to be 165.8cm, 48.2kg, and 17.5kg/$m^2$, respectively. The frequency of binge eating and night eating were 20.7$\%$and 6.8$\%$. The odds ratios for binge eating and night eating were 10.9(95$\%$ CI : 2.6-15.1) and 6.0(95% CI : 1.8-14.8) in the group satisfied with their body weight compared with the dissatisfied group. The odds ratios for binge eating and night eating were 2.6(95% CI : 1.6-4.4) and 2.4(95% CI : 1.1-5.4) in the dieting group compared with the non-dieting group. The mean caloric intake was 1, 840kacl and percent intakes of carbohydrate, protein, and fat wee 57.2$\%$, 16.3$\%$, and 24.0$\%$, respectively. The dieting group showed deficient intakes of protein and calcium significantly compared with the non-dieting group showed deficient intakes of protein and calcium significantly compared with the non-dieting group. Almost all women college students in urban area had dissatisfaction with their body shape, and desired severe undrerweight. The frequency of binge eating and night eating increased according to dissatisfaction with body weight, diet, and distortion of body image. Dieting has adverse effect on the intakes of essential nutrients. Educations is needed to correct distorted body image, and bad eating habits in young females, and marked preoccupation with thinness among women should then be reduced. (Korean J Community Nutrition2(4) : 505-514, 1997)