• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.543-549
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• 2008

Distraction osteogenesis is a commonly used technique for mandibular lengthening, but changes in the temporomandibular joint(TMJ) have not been well documented. The TMJ is one of the most complex joint in the body and is composed of a fibrous surface layer, a proliferative zone, hypertrophic cartilage, and bone. The shape and role of the TMJ change and modify during a person's life-time. Possible complications that can arise after mandibular distraction include failure of the formation, failure of callus, infection, disturbance of TMJ and of occlusion. However, there are only a few reports on changes in the TMJ as a result of distraction osteogenesis. Hence, the goal of this study was to evaluate the change of the TMJ after experimental distraction of mandibular ramus in rabbit. We studied histological changes of mandibular condyle, articular disk and retrodiscal tissue, and also examined the collagen I gene expression and MMP-1 gene expression. The results were as follows. 1. In the histological staining, experimental condylar surface showed more thick fibrous articular layer and proliferative layer, compared with the control condyle and experimental articular disc showed thick and dense collagen fibers compared with the control disc. 2. In the collagen I and MMP-1 gene RT-PCR analysis, experimental discs showed increased collagen I expression compared with the control disc, while MMP-1 gene expression was decreased compared with the control disc. The retrodiscal tissue was almost equal expressions of the collagen I and MMP-1 genes compared with the control retrodiscal tissue. These findings suggest that histological and biomolecular changes occur in condyles and discs after unilateral mandibular distraction osteogenesis.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1974.09a
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• pp.101-113
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• 1974

The radioactive compound sodium $acetate-U-C^{14}$ (C-14 acetate) was administered to two- and four-year-old July and September American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) plants and cuttings. The C-14 acetate uptake was approximately $99\%.$ The autoradiochromatograms suggest that the saponins(panaquilins) isolated by preparative thin-layer chromatography contained impurities, especially those isolated from the leaf and stem extracts. The root and fruit methanol extracts yielded relatively pure saponins. The large amounts of panaquilin B and its proximity to panaquilin C on preparative thin-layer plates resulted in some admixing. The average concentration $(\%$ plant dry weight) of semipurified saponins were high in the leaves $(13.8\%),$ compared to fruits $(9.8\%),\;stems\;(7.9\%)\;and\;roots\;(6.3\%).$ The average percentage of C-14 acetate incorporation into panaquilins was $4.8\%.$ The average percentage of C-14 acetate incorporation into panaquilins B and C was higher $(1.40\%\;and\;1.13\%,$ respectively) than that into panaquilin C, (d), G-1 and G-2 $(0.75\%,\;0.65\%,\;0.13\%\;and\;0.53\%,$ respectively). Panaquilin synthesis may be depending upon the part collection period and age of the plant. The average percentage of C-14 acetate incorporation into panaquilin B is high in roots $(0.58\%)\;and\;stems\;(0.48\%);$ that into panaquilins C and (d) high in leaves $(0.40\%\;and\;0.45\%,$ respectively); and that into panaquilin E high in roots and leaves $(0.55\%\and\;0.50\%,$ respectively). Panaquilin G-2 was synthesized in all parts of plants. The panaquilins appear to be biosynthesized more actively in July than September (exception-panaquilin G-l). Panaquilins B, C and G-1 may be biosynthesized more actively in four-year-old plants and panaquilins (d) and E more actively in two-year-old plants. The results from expectance with cuttings suggest that the panaquilins are synthesized de novo in the above-ground parts of ginseng plants, and that panaquilin G-l may be synthesized de novo in the leaf. It is known from the tissue culture studies that panaquilins are produced by leaf, stem and root callus tissues and callus-root cultures of American and Korean ginseng plants. Panaquilins may actively be synthesized de novo in most any cell or organ of the ginseng plants. It was verified that C-14 acetate was incorporated into the panaxadiol portions of the panaquilins of two-year-old plants (sp. act., 0.56 $m{\mu}Ci/mg$) and four-year-old plants (sp. act., 0.54 $m{\mu}Ci/mg$).

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.188-192
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• 1998

A 3-month old female Holstein calf was presented with about a month history of intermittent dyspnea, exercise intolerance and cough despite antibiotic therapy. Auscultation revealed prominent inspiratory and exploratory crackles and wheezes over the causal cervical trachea which were heard equally over both side of the chest.4 modest amount of forced exercise caused severe respiratory distress with stertorous noise and occasional honkinglike cough. Pasteurella spp. was isolated on the nasal swabs and a hemogram showed mild leucocytosis with a mature neutrophilia and mild monocytosis. Lateral radiographs of the neck and thorax revealed a marked narrowing of the tracheal lumen extending from the level of the fifth cervical to the second thoracic vertebra, and the lung field was judged to be within normal limitsi except very mild peribronchial thickening. The hypertrophic non-union fractures of the first pair of ribs were noted with a well delineatedr redundant callus formations and also the completely healed fractures were found on the next seven pairs of ribs. A diagnosis of tracheal collapse was made, which is thought to be a traumatic origin.4 poor prognosis was given. The calf was euthanatized and necropsied. The tracheal rings from 19th to 41s1 were collapsed dorsoventrally. Histologically, there was no difference between the collapsed and normal areas of the tracheae except the folding mucosal layer in the collapsed area. This report details a case of tracheal collapse in a calli and the literature is reviewed.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.329-333
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• 1998

$\beta$-Glucuronidase (GUS) gene of Escherichia coli was introduced into sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) cells by particle bombardment and expressed in the regenerated plants. Microprojectiles coated with DNA of a binary vector pBI121 carrying CaMV35S promoter-GUS gene fusion and a neomycin phosphotransferase gene as selection marker were bombarded on embryogenic calli which originated from shoot apical meristem-derived callus and transferred to Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 100 mg/L kanamycin. Bombarded calli were subcultured at 4 week intervals for six months. Kanamycin-resistant calli transferred to MS medium supplemented with 0.03 mg/L 2iP, 0.03 mg/L ABA, and 50 mg/L kanamycin gave rise to somatic embryos. Upon transfer to MS basal medium without kanamycin, they developed into plantlets. PCR and northern analyses of six regenerants transplanted to potting soil confirmed that the GUS gene was inserted into the genome of the six regenerated plants. A histochemical assay revealed that the GUS gene was preferentially expressed in the vascular bundle and the epidermal layer of leaf, petiole, and tuberous root.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.93-97
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• 1999

Shoot tips with 2 leaf primordia were cultured to induce shoot primordia in MS liquid medium supplemented with several concentrations of BA and hIAA under the conditions of 10,000 lux illuminations for 24 h and of vertical shaking of 2 rpm in carrot. Two F$_1$ hybrids and two male sterility lines were used. Shoot primordia were only induced in the medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L of BA and 0.2 mg/L of NAA. Genotypic specificity and seasonal effect of donor parents on shoot primordia induction were not observed and average 15-20% of the planted dornes developed to shoot primordia. The induced shoot primordia were successfully propagated by subculture in the same medium. However, they were grown into three different types during multiplication, that is, the type with multiple small shoots on the surface, the type of without any shoot, and the type of callus. Shoot primordia clusters with small shoots on the surface differentiated multiple shoots successfully in 1/2 MS solid medium supplemented with 0.2 to 1.0 mg/L of IAA and 0.2 to 1.0 mg/L of kinetin. New shoot primordia with small shoots were well formed when pieces bigger than 2 mm in diameter of the out layer of the shoot primordia cluster with small shoots were subcultured. No differences of multiplication and shooting ability and chromosomal variation of shoot primordia were observed until the 13th sub-culture.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.111-124
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• 1974

The radioactive compound sodium $acetate-U-C^{14}\;(C^{14}-acetate)$ was administered to two- and four-year-old July and September American ginseng (Araliaceae, Panax quinquefolium L.) plants and cuttings. The $C^{14}-acetate$ uptake was approximately 99%. The autoradiochromatograms suggest that the saponins isolated by preparative thin-layer chromatography contained impurities, especially those isolated from the leaf and stem extracts. The root and fruit methanol extracts yielded relatively pure saponins. The large amounts of panaquilin B and its proximity to panaquilin C on preparative thin-layer plates resulted in some admixing. The average concentration (% plant dry weight) of semi-purified saponins were high in the leaves (13.8%), as compared to fruits (9.8%), stems (7.9%) and roots (6.3%). The average percentage of $C^{14}-acetate$ incorporation into panaquilins was 4.8%. The average percentage of $C^{14}-acetate$ incorporation into panaquilins B and C was higher (1.40% and 1.13%, respectively) than that into panaquilins C, (d), G-1 and G-2 (0.75%, 0.65%, 0.13% and 0.53%, respectively). Panaquilin synthesis may be depending upon the part, collection period and age of the plant. The average percentage of $C^{14}-acetate$ incorporation into panaquilin B is high in roots (0.58%) and stems (0.48%); that into panaquilins C and (d) high in leaves (0.40% and 0.45%, respectively); and that into panaquilin E high in roots and leaves (0.55% and 0.50%, respectively). Panaquilin G-2 was synthesized in all parts of plants. The panaquilins appear to be biosynthesized more actively in July than September (exception-panaquilin G-1). Panaquilins B, C and G-1 may be biosynthesized more actively in four-year-old plants and panaquilins (d) and E more actively in two-year-old plants. The results from expectance with cuttings suggest that the panaquilins are synthesized de novo in the above-ground parts of ginseng plants, and that panaquilin G-1 may be synthesized de novo in the leaf. It is known from the tissue culture studies that panaquilins are produced by leaf, stem and root callus tissues and cailus-root cultures of American and Korean ginseng plants. Panaquilins may actively be synthesized de novo in most any cell or organ of the ginseng plants. It was verified that $C^{14}-acetate$ was incorporated into the panaxadiol portions of the panaquilins of two-year-old plants (sp. act. 0.56 mmcCi/mg) and four-year-old plants $(sp.\;act.\;0.54\;m{\mu}Ci/mg)$.