• 상하수도학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.174-180
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• 2004

This study is a fundamental research to test the applicability of abandoned eggshell as seed material for crystallization reaction. Eggshell was calcinated at $850^{\circ}C$ and ground to lesser than 0.42mm. The calcination characteristics of eggshell were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The effect of initial calcium concentration, alkalinity, reaction temperature condition, seed dosage were studied by batch test. For the low concentration sample(P concentration is under 50mg/L), more than 90% of P can be removed. The effect of initial calcium concentration(0~120mg/L) was performed. At the result of the test, more than 50mg/L calcium concentration has high removal efficiency. Alkalinity effect was studied for synthetic solution(100mg/L initial P, 50mg/L calcium, 0.025% seed dosage) with 0~300mg/L bicarbonate alkalinities. For synthetic solution(100mg/L initial P, 50mg/L calcium, 100mg/L bicarbonate alkalinity, 0.025% seed dosage), the phosphorus concentration was examined with $10{\sim}35^{\circ}C$. In addition, calcinated eggshell was injected to swine wastewater to test the applicability to actual wastewater.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.89-98
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• 2002

The changes of conventional clarification process and an increase in treatment cost are required to meet increasingly stringent regulations related to the treated water quality. Although many enhanced coagulations have introduced to improve organic matter removal, the results to remove color, nitrogen and phosphorus as well as organic material have not been very efficient yet. The removal of waste matters such as SS, organic matter, color and turbidity contained in dyeing wastewater was carried out by using the combination of calcium hydroxide and magnesium sulfate. The flocculation was investigated as a function of coagulant dose, pH, mixing time, settling time and coagulant addition modes such as the sequential addition of the two coagulants and the simultaneous addition of them. The flocculation by the combination of calcium hydroxide and magnesium sulfate was compared with that by aluminum sulfate. The mechanism of flocculation was investigated as well. About 84% of color in dyeing watewater was removed by flocculation with combination of calcium hydroxide and magnesium sulfate.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.89-97
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this report is to show that oriental medical treatments, chiefly using Sweet bee venom (SBV) are effective on symptom improvements and calcium removal in the patients diagnosed with calcific tendinitis in supraspinatus. Methods : We applied 0.3~0.6cc of SBV on $LI_{15}$ ($Gyeonu$) at a time and 0.1~0.2cc on each surrounding pressure point. In addition, we treated $Hwangryeonhaedok-tang$ pharmacopuncture on both acupoints of $GB_{21}$ ($Gyeonjeong$) with large intestine tonification of $Sa-Am$. Results : The symptoms improved within 3 weeks in case 1, 4 days in case 2, 5 weeks in case 3. The removal of calcium was detected by radiology at all cases. Conclusions : From the above results, it is considered that the oriental medical therapy including SBV is effective on the removal of calcium.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.190-196
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• 2016

The objective of this study is to obtain the optimal conditions to remove hydrogen fluoride (HF) generated from a variety of F-gas treatment processes. First, we selected $Ca(OH)_2$ and $CaCO_3$ as a reactant among the various alkali salts which have a high removal efficiency and a competitive price by forming a calcium fluoride precipitate. Additionally, various factors were investigated to improve the removal efficiency of HF. The conditions such as the settling time, agitating time and intensity, reaction temperature, and pH were considered as main factors. As a result, in the treatment process to remove HF through Ca-based alkali salts, the optimal conditions were a 120 min settling time, 30 min of agitation at 100 rpm, a pH of 4-8, and a reaction temperature of $40^{\circ}C$.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.715-721
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• 2007

전자산업 중 반도체 및 LCD 공장과 같이 폐수에 불소가 다량 함유되어 있는 경우, 불소처리를 위하여 과잉으로 사용되는 소석회에 의하여 처리수의 잔류 칼슘농도가 높으며, 높은 잔류칼슘 농도는 폐수의 재이용 시 일반적으로 채택되는 membrane 공정의 불안정한 운전을 초래하게 된다. 따라서, 전자폐수의 재이용을 위하여 신뢰성 있으며, 경제적인 칼슘제거기술의 개발이 절실히 필요한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 캐비테이션을 이용한 Hyperkinetic Vortex Crystallization(HVC) 공정을 적용하여 폐수중의 칼슘 이온의 calcification 속도를 촉진하였으며, HVC 공정 적용 시 기존 소다회법에 비하여 동일 약품 주입농도에서 31% 높은 칼슘제거효율을 보였다. 또한, 전자산업 폐수의 재이용을 위한 경제적인 칼슘제거효율인 70%를 달성하기 위한 최적 소다회 주입농도는 유입수 대비 530 mg/L였다. 반응조 내 동질의 반응 핵인 calcite seed 농도가 칼슘제거효율에 큰 영향을 주며, 최대 칼슘제거효율을 달성하기 위한 calcite seed 농도는 $800\sim1,200mg$ SSA이였다. 또한, 소다회 주입에 따른 calcite 발생량은 평균 0.30 g SS/g $Na_2CO_3$였다. HVC 케비테이션 생성장치의 설계 시 HVC 장치 통과횟수를 $2\sim5$회 범위에서 안전율을 고려하여 용량선정을 하여야 한다. HVC 공정을 이용한 연속회분식 운전 결과, 유입수 칼슘농도 변화폭은 $74\sim359$ mg/L(평균 173 mg/L)로 매우 컸던 반면, 처리수 칼슘농도는 $30\sim72$ mg/L(평균 49 mg/L)로 비교적 안정적인 처리효율을 보여주었다. 본 연구결과 HVC 공정은 화학약품 사용량의 절감 및 이에 따른 화학슬러지 발생량의 감소를 기대 할 수 있는 친환경기술로 유지관리비를 최소화할 수 있는 장점이 있었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.290-300
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• 2017

Objectives: This study investigated the removal efficacy and cytotoxicity of a newly developed calcium hydroxide paste (cleaniCal, Maruchi) using N-2-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP) as a vehicle in comparison with ApexCal (Ivoclar Vivadent) and Calcipex II (Nishika), which use different vehicles such as polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol, respectively. Materials and Methods: Thirty maxillary premolars with oval-shaped canals were divided into 3 groups and the teeth were filled with one of the pastes. After removal of the paste, micro-computed tomographic (${\mu}$-CT) imaging was obtained to assess the volume of residual paste in the root canal of each tooth. The teeth were then split longitudinally and the area of the paste-coated surface was evaluated by stereomicroscopy. The cytotoxicity of each product was assessed using an agar overlay assay. The effect of each vehicle on cell viability was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's tests to detect any significance (p < 0.05). Results: In the ${\mu}$-CT and stereomicroscopic analysis, cleaniCal exhibited less remnants of medicament than ApexCal and Calcipex. cleaniCal showed a higher cytotoxicity than the other pastes in the agar overlay assay. Furthermore, NMP exhibited lower cell viability compared to the other vehicles. Conclusions: cleaniCal showed better removal efficacy compared to the other products. However, clinicians should be aware of the higher cytotoxicity of the NMP-based material and consider its possible adverse effects on periradicular tissue when it is overfilled.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.44-49
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• 2015

Objectives: This study compared the ability of several techniques to remove calcium hydroxide (CH) from the root canal and determined the influence of CH residues on the accuracy of the electronic apex locator. Materials and Methods: Root canals of 90 human maxillary lateral incisors with confirmed true working length (TWL) were prepared and filled with CH. The teeth were randomly assigned to one of the experimental groups according to the CH removal technique (n = 14): 0.9% saline; 0.9% saline + master apical file (MAF); 17% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA); 17% EDTA + MAF; 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); 5.25% NaOCl + MAF. Six teeth were used as negative control. After CH removal, the electronic working length was measured using Root-ZX (Morita Corp.) and compared with TWL to evaluate Root-ZX accuracy. All specimens were sectioned longitudinally, and the area of remaining CH (CH) and total canal area were measured using imaging software. Results: The EDTA + MAF and NaOCl + MAF groups showed better CH removal than other groups (p < 0.05). Root-ZX reliability to prevent overestimated working length to be > 85% within a tolerance of ${\pm}1.0mm$ (p < 0.05). There was strong negative correlation between amount of CH residues and EAL accuracy (r = -0.800 for ${\pm}0.5mm$; r = -0.940 for ${\pm}1.0mm$). Conclusions: The mechanical instrumentation improves the CH removal of irrigation solutions although none of the techniques removed the dressing completely. Residues of CH medication in root canals affected the accuracy of Root-ZX adversely.

• BMB Reports
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.202-207
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• 2000

The depletion of intracellular calcium stores by thapsigargin treatment evoked extracellular calcium-dependent membrane currents in Xenopus laevis oocytes. These currents have been compared to those evoked by microinjection of a calcium influx factor (CIF) purified from Jurkat T lymphocytes. The membrane currents elicited by thapsigargin treatment (peak current, $163{\pm}60$ nA) or CIF injection (peak current, $897{\pm}188$ nA) were both dependent on calcium entry, based on their eradication by the removal of extracellular calcium. The currents were, in both cases, attributed primarily to well-characterized $Ca^{2+}-dependent$ $Cl^-$ currents, based on their similar reversal potentials (-24 mV vs. -28 mV) and their inhibition by niflumic acid (a $Cl^-$ channel blocker). Currents induced by either thapsigargin treatment or CIF injection exhibited an identical pattern of inhibitory sensitivity to a panel of lanthanides, suggesting that thapsigargin treatment or CIF injection evoked $Cl^-$ currents by stimulating calcium influx through pharmacologically identical calcium channels. These results indicate that CIF acts on the same calcium entry pathway activated by the depletion of calcium stores and most lanthanides are novel pharmacological tools for the study of calcium entry in Xenopus oocytes.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.231-233
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• 2002

The potential of calcium peroxide to act as an agent for waterblooming control was In-vestigated by examining the growth inhibition of Microcystis aerusinosa. Due to the chemical nature of calcium peroxide, it can remove dissolved phosphate by forming an Insoluble precipitate, generating radicals, coagulant, and oxygen as byproducts as it dissolves in water. The growth of M. aerusinosa was severely inhibited and the chlorophyll-n concentration was drastically decreased in the presence of calcium peroxide. With 200 ppm of calcium peroxide dosage, a chlorophyll-a concentration of 1,700 mg/m$^3$ was lowered to below 10% of its initial concentration after 4 days. One possible explanation for this growth Inhibition is the removal of the available phosphate by calcium peroxide.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.186-191
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• 2006

본 연구의 목적은 근관내 약제로 사용되는 수산화칼슘의 제거방법이 근관충전 후 치근단 미세누출에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위함이다. 70개의 발거된 단근치를 엔진구동형 ProFile로 근관형성한 후 수용성 수산화칼슘 제제를 1주일간 적용하고 두 군으로 나누어 각기 다른 방법으로 제거하였다. A군은 NaOCl로 근관세정만을 시행하였으며, B군은 근관형성 시 사용된 file보다 한 단계 큰 크기의 ProFile을사용하여 근관을 재형성한 후 NaOCl로 세척하였다. 근관충전 후 전기화학적 방법으로 24일 동안 치근단 누출을 측정, 비교하였다. 본 연구의 결과 수산화 칼슘 제거를 위한 두가지 방법은 근관충전후 치근단 미세누출에 있어서 차이가 없음을 알 수 있었다.