• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.100-115
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide containing nerve fibers in rat pulp after dentinl injury by means of immunohistochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscope. The Spague-Dawley rats weighing about 250-300gm were used. The animals were devided into normal control and experimental groups. Experimental animals were sacrified 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 21days after dentinal injury (dentin cutting, and then acid etching with 35% phosphoric acid) on the maxillary molar teeth. The maxillary teeth and alveolar bone were removed and immersed in the 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), then were decalcified with 15% formic acid for 10 days. Serial frozen $50{\mu}m$ thick sections were cut on a cryostat. The rabbit CGRP antibody was used as a primary antibody with a dilution of 1:2000 in 0.01M PB. The sections were incubated for 48 hours at $4^{\circ}C$, and placed into biotinylated antirabbit Ig G as a secondary anti body with dilution of 1:200 in 0.01M PB and incubated in ABC(avidin-biotin complex). The peroxidase reaction was visualized by incubating the sections in 0.05% 3,3 diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride containing 0.02% $H_2O_2$. For the confocal laser scanning microscopic examination, Primary antibody reaction was same as immunoperoxidase stainning, but fluorescein isothiocyanate(FITC)-conjugate antirabbit IgG as a secondary antibody was used. The confocal laser scanning microscope was used for the examination. A series of images of optical sections was collected with a 20x objective at $3{\mu}m$ intervals throughout the depth of specimen. FITC fluerescence was registrated through a 488nm and 568nm excitation filter, and images were saved on optical disk. The stereoscopic images and three dimentionnal images were reconstructed by computer software, and then were analyzed. The results were as follows : 1. In normal control group, CGRP containing nerve fibers were coursed through the root with very little branching, and then formed a dense network of terminals in coronal pulp. 2. A slight increase in CGRP containing nerve fibers at 1 and 2day postinjury was noted subjacent to the injury site. In the 4day group, there were an extensive increase in the number of reactive fibers, followed by a partial return toward normal levels at 7~10 day postinjury, and return by 21days. 3. The sprouting of the CGRP containing nerve fibers was evident within 2day after dentinal injury, and by 4days there was a maximal increased, but was decreased at 7days and returned to normal 10~21 day postinjury. 4. In confocal laser scanning microscopic exammination, the distinct distribution pattern and sprouting reaction of CGRP containing nerve fibers were observed in stereoscopic images and three dimentional images. These results suggest that CGRP containing nerve fiber can be important role in the response to dental injury and pain regulation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.993-1005
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• 1996

This study was implemented in order to investigate the effects of dietary calcium-salt, estrogentreatment, and estrogen/calcium treatment on bone metabolism. Ovariectomized rats were used as animal models. Female Sprague-Dawley rats with a body weight of 250~280g were underwent ovariectomy or sham-operation. The ovariectomized rats were divided into 9 different experimental groups including the saline-treated group, the estrogen-treated group, the high calcium salt-treated group, and the estrogen/calcium treated groups and fed for 6 weeks. Creatinine and hydroxyproline in urine were analyzed. Creatinine, calcitonin, osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone in plasma were also determined. The results of the experiment are as follows : The ovariectomy caused a significant increase in the level of food intake, food effciency ratio and body weight gain in comparison with sham-operation. The overall food intake, food effciency ratio and body weight gain were significantly decreased by estrogen. The ovariectomized animals developed obesity as a result of increased food intake. In addition, estradiol injections suppressed food intake with a concomitant loss in body weight. The level or urinary hydroxyproline, as an indicator or bone resorntion, was higher in the ovariectomized rats compared to sham-opertion, while these decresed in the estrogen/calcium treated group. Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in the plasma, that were used as the indicator of calcium homeostasis, parathyroid hormone higher in the ovariectomized rats compared to sham-operation. It was lowered by estrogen and high calcium treated groups; thus, estrogen and estrogen/calcium treated groups were decreased by 32% compared to saline treated group. Osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase which are indicators of bone formation, were significantly higher in ovariectomized group, while this showed to be decreased in the estrogen and the ostrogenicalcium treated groups. Estrogen and estrogen/calcium in ovariectomized rats resulted in lower bone loss. However, estrogen treated group its gradual reduction showed little effect on bone loss, while the gradual reduction of estrogen had a preventive effect on bone loss when the treatment was combined with calcium intensification.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.39-49
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• 1996

In the present study, we observed change in intracellular $Ca^{2+}$$([Ca^{2+}]_i)$ as measured with the fluorescent $Ca^{2+}-indicator$ fura-2 in association with force development of the rat basilar arteries during activation by$K^+$ depolarizing solution and U46619, a thromboxane analogue, in the absence and the presence of calcitonin-gent related peptide (CGRP). CGRP (30 and 100 nM) caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of U46619-induced contraction with decrease in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, whereas it did not exert any effect on the $K^+$ (90 mM)-induced contraction and increase in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, Further, $[Ca^{2+}]_i-force$ relationships were determined by plotting the ratio of $F_{340}/F_{380}$ $([Ca^{2+}]_i)$ as a function of the force induced by U46619, and the results were compared with those obtained in the presence of CGRP. The curves obtained in the presence of CGRP (30 and 100 nM) were significantly moved to downward without right shift of the curves suggesting that CGRP inhibited the U46619-induced contraction only by mediation of reduction in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ with out any change in the sensitivity of contractile apparatus to $Ca^{2+}$. The CGRP-induced attenuation of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ and force development was significantly inhibited under pretreatment with CGRP $(8{\sim}37)$ fragment (100 nM), a CGRP1 receptor antagonist. Both the reduced contraction and reduction in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ caused by CGRP were fully reversed by pretreatment with charybdotoxin (100 nM) and iberiotoxin (100 nM), large conductance $Ca^{2+}-activated$ $K^+$ channel blockers, but not by apamin (300 nM), a small conductance $Ca^{2+}-activated$ $K^+$ channel blocker, and glibenclamide ( 1 ${\mu}M$), an ATP-sensitive $K^+$ channel blocker. In conclusion, it is suggested that the CGRP1 receptor, upon activation by CGRP, are coupled to opening of $Ca^{2+}-activated$ $K^+$ channel and cause to decrease in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, thereby leading to vasodilation of the rat basilar artery. However, it is not defined that the mechanism underlying vasodilation whether the $K^+$ channel blockers, charybdotoxin and iberiotoxin directly block the CGRP receptors and that CGRP-evoked relaxation is dependent on the cyclic AMP or $K^+$ channel opening or both actions.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.247-254
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• 2000

This study was performed to elucidate the effects of antler, red ginseng, safflower seed, ipriflavone and estrogen on ovariectomized rats. The rats were fed with Ca and P deficient diet for five weeks to induce osteoporosis. After this period, these animals were fed with normal feed and treated every other day with antler(600 mg/kg, p.o), red ginseng(200 mg/kg, p.o), safflower(200 mg/kg, p.o), ipriflavone(80 mg/kg, p.o) and estrogene(400$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, i.m) for 5 weeks. During the treatment, the rats were examined for serum concentrations of estradiol, calcitonin, Ca, p and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) activities. The results are summarized as follows 1. The levels of serum 17 $\beta$-estradiol after five weeks of treatment were showed 39.6$\pm$3.0 pg/ml by antler, 33.2$\pm$2.5pg/ml by red ginseng, 34.9$\pm$2.4pg/ml by safflower, 28.1$\pm$3.1 pg/ml by ipriflavone and 40.6$\pm$3.0pg/ml by estrogen-treated group. They were lower than 50.8$\pm$3.1pg/ml of normal control group which had not received ovariectomy. They, however, were significantly higher than 26.8$\pm$1.8pg/ml of ovariectomized non-treatment group(p<0.05). 2. The levels of serum calcitonin after five weeks of treatment were showed 0.60$\pm$0.02 ng/ml by antler, 0.55$\pm$0.04ng/ml by red ginseng, 0.59$\pm$0.02ng/ml by safflower, 0.56$\pm$0.04ng/ml by ipriflavone and 0.62$\pm$0.02ng/ml by estrogen-treated group. They were lower than 0.67$\pm$0.03pg/ml of normal control group. However, they were significantly higher than 0.45$\pm$0.05ng/ml of ovariectomized non-treatment group(p<0.05). 3. The levels of serum Ca of the rats after five weeks of treatment with antler, red ginseng, safflower, ipriflavone and estrogen were 23.51$\pm$2.19$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, 25.22$\pm$3.44$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, 23.20$\pm$0.02$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, 24.76$\pm$3.57$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, 23.07$\pm$3.66$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, respectively. They were a bit higher than 21.43$\pm$2.22$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ of normal control group. And non-treatment group showed 26.12$\pm$0.29$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ which was significantly higher than that of control group(P<0.05). 4. The serum P concentraions after five weeks of treatment were showed 12.11$\pm$2.14$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ by antler, 13.18$\pm$1.64u91m4 by red ginseng, 12.67 $\pm$2.31$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ by safflower, 12.38$\pm$2.07$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ by ipriflavone, 11.86$\pm$1.93$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ by estrogen-treated group. They were a bit higher than 11.29$\pm$1.23$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ of normal control group. And non-treatment group showed 13.42$\pm$1.87$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ which was higher than that of control group but not significant. 5. The levels of serum ALP after five weeks of treatment were showed 164.8$\pm$3.8IU/ml by antler, 277.7$\pm$4.8IU/ml by red ginseng, 288.5$\pm$4.5IU/ml by safflower, 214.7$\pm$5.7IU/ml by ipriflavone and 159.4$\pm$5.4IU/ml by estrogen-treated group. They were significantly higher than 144.1$\pm$3.5IU/ml of normal control group(p<0.05). However, they were significantly lower than 336.9 $\pm$12.7IU/ml of ovariectomized non-treatment group(p<0.05). Antler and safflower elevated serum estradiol and calcitonin, and decreased serum ALP significantly. Therefore they were thought to have therapeutic effect on osteoposis by making inhibitory effect on osteoclasts rather than activating osteoblasts.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.387-395
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• 2009

Nerve growth factor (NGF) and sensory neuropeptides are involved in the process of nociception at peripheral nerve fibers and wide spread in central nervous system. The aims of this study were to investigate NGF and sensory neuropeptides (substance P [SP] and calcitonin gene-related peptide [CGRP]) levels in human plasma and saliva, and the associations between these sensory neuropeptides levels and chronic orofacial pain symptoms. NGF, SP, and CGRP levels in plasma and resting whole saliva samples collected from 67 orofacial pain patients (joint pain, dental or periodontal pain, mucosal pain) and 36 pain free control subjects were measured by enzyme immunoassay. The characteristic pain intensity of each subject was measured using the Graded Chronic Pain Scale and the flow rate of resting whole saliva was measured. Joint pain patients group showed significantly higher plasma NGF level compared to each of dental pain patients (p<0.01), mucosal pain patients (p<0.01), and control group (p<0.01). Plasma NGF level of dental pain patients group was significantly higher than that of control group (p<0.01). Saliva SP level of dental pain patients group (p<0.05) and saliva CGRP level of mucosal pain group (p<0.05) were significantly higher than that of control group. Plasma and saliva SP levels of joint pain patients was significantly associated with pain intensity (plasma: standardized coefficient=0.599, p<0.01, saliva: standardized coefficient=0.504, p=0.05). In dental pain patients group, plasma SP (standardized coefficient=0.559, p<0.01), saliva SP (standardized coefficient=0.520, p<0.01) and saliva CGRP (standardized coefficient=0.599, p<0.01) levels were significantly associated with age. In mucosal pain patients group, plasma SP (standardized coefficient=0.495, p<0.05), saliva SP (standardized coefficient=0.500, p<0.05), and saliva CGRP (standardized coefficient=0.717, p<0.01) levels were significantly associated with age. NGF and neuropeptides may play a role in the maintenance of various orofacial pain symptoms. The examination of those levels in plasma and saliva helps understanding the mechanism of orofacial pain, and furthermore, can be applied to the diagnosis and therapy of orofacial pain.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-33
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• 1999

In order to compare and study the effects of Kamipalmijiwhang tang(加味八味地黃湯) & Kamigangwhalsokdantang(加味羌活續斷湯) on inhibition of osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy, the author administered Kamipalmijiwhangtang & Kamigangwhalsokdantang to the sample groups per orally before and after ovariectomy. The author observed the activities of cathepsin L, K and the contents of calcium, calcitonin, osteocalcin and phosphorus in the serum for the biochemical index, the contents of IL-6 in the serum and bone marrow for immunological index, the state of bone loss in the metaphysis of tibia by histological study, the expression of ELAM-1 &collagen IV by immunohistochemical analysis, the expression of fos by immunocytochemical analysis. The results were as follows: 1. The activities of cathepsin L, K in the serum had a significant inhibitive effects in all sample groups compared with the control group. The inhibitive effects of Sample A-1 & B-1 was better than those of A-2 & B-2 and the inhibitive effects of sample B-1 & B-2 was better than those of A-1 & A-2. 2. The content changes of IL-6 in the serum and bone marrow had a significant inhibitive effects in all sample groups compared with the control group. The inhibitive effects of sample A-1 & B-1 was better than those of A-2 & B-2 and the inhibitive effects of sample B-1 & B-2 was better than those of A-1 & A-2. 3. In the histological study of tibial metaphysis all the sample groups inhibited bone loss significantly compared with the control group and expressed trabecula shape of bone similar to the normal group. 4. The expression of ELAM-1 & collagen IV decreased a little bit in sample A-2. It also decreased to a similar degree in sample B-2 like normal group and disturbed itself. 5. The expression of fos was inhibited in all sample groups compared with control group. The inhibitive expression of sample B-1 & B-2 was more remarkable than those of A-1. & A-2. 6. The serum calcium had a significant increasing effects in an sample groups compared with control group. Each sample groups didn't have any significant difference. 7. The serum calcitonin had a significant increasing effects in sample A-1, A-2 and B-1 groups compared with control group. Each sample groups didn't have any significant difference. 8. The serum osteocalcin and phosphorus didn't have any significant difference in all sample groups compared with control group.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.830-838
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• 2020

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of radiation mutant Perilla frutescens var. crispa on bone metabolism and the inflammatory response in a monosodium iodoacetateinduced rat model of osteoarthritis. radiation mutant Perilla frutescens var. crispa was administered orally at doses of 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks before direct injection of monosodium iodoacetate (3 mg/50 μl of 0.9% saline) into the intra-articular space of the rats' right knees. The rats subsequently received the same doses of oral radiation mutant Perilla frutescens var. crispa for another 4 weeks. It was evaluated that the treatment effects based on serum biomarkers, and morphological and histopathological analysis of the knee joints. Compared with those in control rats, the radiation mutant Perilla frutescens var. crispa treatments significantly reduced the serum levels of inflammation, bone metabolism markers (i.e., COX-2, LTB4, MMP-3, and COMP), and the amount of fibrous tissue. Otherwise, it was significantly increased the concentration of TIMP-1 and calcitonin. In addition, the radiation mutant Perilla frutescens var. crispa treatments effectively preserved the knee cartilage and synovial membrane. As a result, it indicates that radiation mutant Perilla frutescens var. crispa prevented and alleviated osteoarthritis symptoms. Thus, radiation mutant Perilla frutescens var. crispa can be used in food and drug material for the management of osteoarthritis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.36-45
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• 1998

Dietary and other factors affecting bone density of 32 Korean healthy college women aged 19-23 years were assessed. Data for food and nutrient intake was obtained by a semiquantitiative food frequency questionnaire. Serum samples were anlayzed for total Ca, P, Ca++, PTH, calcitonin and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol , (25-OH-Vit D3) and BMDs of lumbar spine(L2-L4), femoral neck(FN), ward's triangle (WT) and trochanter(TR) were measured by an XR-series X-ray bone densitometer. Relationships between the factors and BMDs were analyzed by stepwise multiple regression analysis and Pearson's correlation coefficient(r). The results are summarized as follows. Mean daily intake of energy(86.1%), Ca(74.3%), vitamin A (53.75), Fe(49.75) and vitamin B$_2$(86.6%) were lower while other notrients incuding P(126%) were higher than the Korean RDA. The BMDs of lumbar spines and femurs ranged from 0.73g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ to 1.23g/$\textrm{cm}^2$and 0.48g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ to 1.04g/$\textrm{cm}^2$, respectively. Both protein and P intakes were inversely associated with serum total Ca. Furthermore, Ca intake as well as Ca/P ratio (Ca/P) were inversely associated with serum ionized Ca(Ca++) concentration. The intakes of protein P and Ca , however, were not significantly associated with the BMDs measured in this study. There were little association between BMDs and alcoholic beverage or caffeine consumption. The only significant association detected was a positive relationship between caffeine consumption and BMD of WT. It seemed to be noticeable that BMDs of L2-L$_4$, FN and WT were significantly inversely associated with serum P concentration. However, there was no significant association between BMDs and the levels of total Ca to Ca++ in serum. Body weight was positively associated with BMD of lumbar spine and BMI was also positively associated with BMDs of FN and WT. The subjects who had an early menarche appeared to have higher BMDs than those who had had a late mearche. According to stepwise multiple regression analysis. Menarche and BMI were stronger determinants of BMDs in the young women than was diet. P intake appeared to be a more potent dietary determinant than Ca intake. The three factors, menarche, BMI , and P intake , additionally accounted for 24% and 378% of the variance in BMDs of FN and L$_2$-L$_4$, respectively. Further investigation is necessary to determine the factors needed to increase serum P level which negatively affects. BMD in young Korean college women.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.351-363
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to evaluate pulp and periodontal changes following rapid tooth retraction by periodontal distraction after bone undermining surgery in young adult dogs. Methods: Alter extraction of second premolars, the interseptal bone mesial to the upper 3rd premolar was undermined. After activating the distraction appliance at 0.5 mm/day for six days, the dogs were sacrificed at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 weeks during the consolidation period. Tissue changes of periodontium and pulp were evaluated radiologically, histologically, and immunohistochemically. Results: Digital subtraction radiography showed active bone formation in the stretched periodontal ligament from 0 - 4 weeks. Resorption of the alveolar bone, appearance of osteoclasts, and infiltration of inflammatory cells were observed just after the activation period at the pressure side, and distinctive bone formation was seen in the tension side of the periodontal ligament from 1 week. New bone formation was active at 1 - 3 weeks. The expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the experimental group was increased at the alveolar bone and pulp, and periodontal ligament at the pressure side from 0 - 1 week, and it decreased after 5 weeks to become similar to that of the control group. Conclusions: The results showed that rapid tooth movement using periodontal distraction can be new form of orthodontic tooth movement for accelerating normal bone formation.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.21
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• pp.9505-9509
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• 2014

Objective: To investigate the effects of stellate ganglion block (SGB) on the peri-operative vasomotor cytokine content and intrapulmonary shunt in patients with esophagus cancer who underwent thoracotomy. Materials and Methods: Forty patients undergoing elective resection of esophageal cancer patients who had I~II American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) were randomly divided into total intravenous anesthesia group (group N, n=20) and total intravenous anesthesia combined with SGB group (group S, n=20, 0.12 mL/kg 1% lidocaine was used for SGB 10 min before induction). Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP) and continuous cardiac output (CCO) were continuously monitored. The blood from internal jugular vein was drawn respectively before induction ($T_0$), and 30 min ($T_1$), 60 min ($T_2$) and 120 min ($T_3$) after one-lung ventilation (OLV), and 30 min (T4) after two-lung ventilation. The contents of plasma endothelin (ET), nitric oxide (NO) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were detected with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Meanwhile, arterial and mixed venous blood samples were collected for determination of blood gas and calculation of intrapulmonary shunt fraction (Qs/Qt). Results: During OLV, ET contents were increased significantly in two groups (P<0.05), and no significant difference was presented (P>0.05). NO content in group S was obviously higher than in group N at T3 (P<0.05), whereas CGRP content in group N was markedly lower than in group S at each time point (P<0.05). Qs/Qt was significantly increased in both groups after OLV, but there was no statistical significant regarding the Qs/Qt at each time point between two groups. Conclusions: Total intravenous anesthesia combined with SGB is conducive to regulation of perioperative vasomotor cytokines in thoracotomy, and has little effect on intrapulmonary shunt at the time of OLV.