• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.461-471
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary protein and cysteine levels on cadmium toxicity in rats. Seventy-two male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighting 171$\pm$3g were blocked into 12 groups according to body weight, and were raised for 30 days. cadmium chloride was given at levels of 0 or 400ppm, protein at levels of 7, 15 and 40%, and cysteine was added(total dietary cysteine contents : 0.45%) to diet or not. The results are summarized as follow. Food intake, weight gain, food were lower than those of cadmium free group. But, these were increased with increasing dietary protein level and cysteine addition. Fecal cadmium excretion was remarkably increased in high protein (40%) groups. Thus, cadmium retention rates were decreased in high protein groups. Metallothionein concentrations in liver and kidney were increased in cysteine addition, and cadmium administration. Especially, these were remarkably increased in cadmium and cysteine added groups. Urinary calcium excretion was increased with cadmium administration, but urinary protein excretion and creatinine clearance were not changed in these animal. In conclusion, food intake, weight gain and organ weights were decreased with administration. Cadmium toxicity was alleviated by increasing fecal cadmium excretion, while cysteine addition increased metallothionein concentrations in liver and kidney. From these results, it was shown that cadmium toxicity was alliviated by synergistic effect of high protein level and cysteine addition.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.958-970
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary calcium level on cadmium and lead toxicity in rats. Fifty-four male rats of Sprague-Dawely strain weighing 152$\pm$12g were blocked into 9 groups according to body weight, and were raised for 30 days. Nine experimental diets different with cadmium(0%, 0.04%), lead (0%, 0.071%) and calcijm(0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%) levels were prepared. The results are summarized as follow. Weight gain, F.E.R.(food efficiency ratio), and weights of liver, kidney and femur were lower in cadmium exposed groups than those of heavy metal free groups. Weight gain F.E.R. and ash weight of lead groups were lower than those of heavy metal free groups. But, these were increased with increasing dietary calcium level. Cadmium and lead concentrations in blood, liver, kidney and femur were lower in rats fed 1.5% calcium than 0.5% calcium diet. Fecal cadmium and lead excretions were remarkably increased in 1.5% calcium groups, and cadmium and lead retention rates were decreased in 1.5% calcium groups. Metallothionein concentrations in liver, kidney and small intestine were higher in rats exposed to cadmium and lead. Calcium content in blood, femur and daily urinary and fecal calcium excretion were decreased by cadmium and lead additions, and increased in 1.5% calcium groups. Creatinine clearance were decreased with cadmium administratino and calcium addition. In conclusion, weight gain and organ weights were decreased with cadmium or lead administration. But, cadmium administration was more toxic than lead adminstration. Cadmium or lead toxicity was alleviated by increasing dietary calcium level. Especially, lead toxicity was alleviated in proportion to dietary calcium level.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.88-97
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• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the antitoxic effects of Pine Leaf extracts against cadmium toxicity. The experimental rats were divided into 5 groups, such as control group cadmium alone treatment group and simultaneous treatment groups of cadmium and three doses of Pine Leaf extracts. Each group was administered with different dose of Pine Leaf extracts such as 0.5 mg, 2.5 mg, 5.0 mg/kg wet weight in pallets for 12 weeks. Cadmium Chloride($CdCl_2$) was administered by 4 mg/kg body weight. The results were summarized as follows: The simultaneous administration of cadmium and Pine Leaf significantly more decreased cadmium concentration in liver tissues compared to the administration of cadmium only. When blood were measured, no significantly difference in haemoglobin, haematocrit, erythrocyte values compared to the administration of cadmium only, but RBC significantly more increased. The simultaneous administration of cadmium and Pine Leaf more no sigmificantly difference metallothionein concentration in liver than the administration of cadmium only. There were showed the histopathological slight changes in the liver and kidney tissues of rats.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.59-68
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• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the antitoxic effects of Radix Menispermi extracts against cadmium toxicity. The experimental rats were divided into 5 groups such as control group, cadmium alone treatment group and simultaneous treatment groups of cadmium and three doses of Radix Menispermi extracts. Each group was administered with different dose of Radix Menispermi extracts such as 0.55 mg, 1.10 mg, 1.65 mg/kg wet weight in pallets for 12 weeks. Cadmium Chloride $(CdCl_2)$ was administered by 4 mg/kg body weight. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The simultaneous administration of cadmium and Radix Menispermi significantly more decreased cadmium concentration in liver tissues compared to the administration of cadmium only (P < 0.05). 2. When blood were measured, no significantly difference in haemoglobin, haematocrit, erythrocyte values compared to the administration of cadmium only. 3. The simultaneous administration of cadmium and Radix Menispermi more increased metallothionein concentration in liver than the administration of cadmium only (P < 0.05). 4. There were the histopathological slight changes in the liver and kidney tissues of rats.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.13 no.1_2
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• pp.11-17
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• 1998

Cadmium, a major aquatic pollutant in many parts of the world, is toxic and readily accumulated in aquatic organisms. It mainly exists in water as complexes with organic ligands such as dissolved organic carbon and this complexation is known to have effects on the aquatic toxicities. In this study, acute toxicity, histology, and bioaccumulation were studied to evaluate effects of humic acid on cadmium toxicity and bioavailability to fish using Oryzias lalipes and Cyprinus carpio. 96h-LC$_{50}$ of cadmium was 6.38mg/L using Oryzias latipes. However, the mortality showed the dose-dependent decrease when humic acid was added to the test solution. When fish were exposed to 5 mg/L of cadmium, histological changes in the exposed organs (caudal fins, gills, kidney, liver, and gut) of C~lprinus carpio were decreased by humic acid, especially in kidney and liver. Bioaccumulation of cadmium also decreased by treatment of humic acid. It seems that the formation of complexes between cadmium and humic acid may decrease bioavailability of cadmium to fish, and thus reduce the toxic effects of cadmium.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 2003

Seok-jeong (SJ) is a solution of various metal ions and numerous other organic substances produced through extraction and fermentation of herbs and soil using geo-microbes, and it has been shown to improve symptoms of senile dementia. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of SJ against neurotoxicity of cadmium in HT22 hippocampal neuron cell line. SJ significantly protected from the cadmium-induced decreased cell viability measured by MTT assay (p＜0.01). The protective effects of SJ against cadmium toxicity were confirmed through observing morphological changes using inverted microscope. Additionally, SJ significantly repressed the formation of lipid peroxidation induced by high concentration of cadmium, and likewise, significantly repressed the reduction of glutathione by cadmium in HT22 cells. Vitamin C at the concentration found in SJ did not show any protective effect against cadmium toxicity in HT22 cells, indicating that vitamin C may not have a major role in the protective mechanism of SJ. Taken together, these results suggest that SJ may be a valuable agent for the protection of cadmium toxicity on the neuronal cells, and that the mechanism of the action of SJ may be due to reduced lipid peroxidation and increased glutathione level.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.54-59
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• 2006

The toxicity of cadmium on Caenorhabditis elegans was investigated to identify sensitive biomarkers for environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Stress-related gene expression were estimated as toxic endpoints Cadmium exposure led to an increase in the expression of most of the genes tested. The degree of increase was more significant in heat shock protein-16.1, metallothionein-2, cytochrome p450 family protein 35A2, glutathione S-transferase-4, superoxide dismutase-1, catalase-2, C. elegans p53-like protein-1, and apoptosis enhancer-1 than in other genes. The overall results indicate that the stress-related gene expressions of C. elegans have considerable potential as sensitive biomarkers for cadmium toxicity monitoring and risk assessment.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.996-1006
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• 1994

This study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary chitin & chitosan on cadmium (Cd) toxicity and lipid metabolism in rats. Forty-two male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing 137$\pm$2g were blocked into 6 groups according to body weight, and were raised for 4 weeks. Cadmium chloride was given at the level of 0 or 400ppm in diet and chitin and chitosan were given at the level of 0 or 4%(w/w) of diet. The results are summarized as follow. Chitosan decreased the toxicity of Cd on liver, kidney and femur and increase the Cd content of fecal excretion. Chitosan increased the lipdi & cholesterol content of fecal excretion by combining with lipid and bile acid. Chitosan decreased lipid, cholesterol and TG content in serum and liver by combining with lipid and bile acid. Chitin was less effective than chitosan in decreasing of Cd toxicity and lipid content of rat.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.175-192
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• 1998

A study on the antitoxic effects of Semen Mungo extracts against Cadmium Chloride Toxicity in Rats This study was performed to find out the effect of Semen mungo against Cadmium toxicity. The experimental rats were divided into 5 groups such as control group, Cadmium alone treatment group, three simultaneous treatment groups of semen mungo and cadmium. Rats were given pellets administration with three dosage of semen mungo glabrae such as 4mg/kg body weight for four weeks. The results were summarized as follows on: ' 1. The simultaneously administration of semen mungo and cadmium significantly more decreased cadmium concentration in liver and kidney tissues compared to the administration of cadmium alone.(p<0.05) 2. The simultaneously administration of semen mungo and cadmium significantly more decreased metallothionein concentration in liver and kidney tissues compared to administration of cadmium alone(p<0.05) 3. When liver and kidney tissues were observed with optical microscope obvious changes were visible in those tissues.1

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2013

Korean red ginseng is known to regulate the immune system and help the body struggle infection and disease. Cadmium is widely distributed in the environment due to its use in industry. Exposure to cadmium is problematic causing organ dysfunction. This study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of Korean red ginseng extract (RGE) against cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. In experiments, animals were orally administrated with RGE (25, 50 mg/kg) for 7 d and then intravenously injected with cadmium ($CdCl_2$, 4 mg/kg) to induce acute hepatotoxicity. Cadmium caused the elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase in serum. In contrast, pretreatment with RGE significantly reduced those serum indexes related with liver damage. In histopathological analysis, RGE decreased the centrilobular necrosis around central veins and the peripheral hemorrhage around portal triads. Moreover, RGE restored the deficit in hepatic glutathione level resulting from cadmium treatment. RGE also inhibited the increase in the expression of Bad, a representative apoptosis marker protein, induced by cadmium treatment. Collectively, these results demonstrate that RGE can reduce the cadmium-induced hepatic toxicity, partly via anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic process.