• Coupled systems mechanics
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.23-51
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• 2013

An analytical algorithm for the estimation of the resistance forces exerted on the dipper of a cable shovel and the specific energy consumed in the cutting-loading process is presented. Forces due to payload and to cutting of geomaterials under given initial conditions, cutting trajectory of the bucket, bucket's design, and geomaterial properties are analytically computed. The excavation process has been modeled by means of a kinematical shovel model, as well as of dynamic payload and cutting resistance models. For the calculation of the cutting forces, a logsandwich passive failure mechanism of the geomaterial is considered, as has been found by considering that a slip surface propagates like a mixed mode crack. Subsequently, the Upper-Bound theorem of Limit Analysis Theory is applied for the approximate calculation of the maximum reacting forces exerted on the dipper of the cable shovel. This algorithm has been implemented into an Excel$^{TM}$ spreadsheet to facilitate user-friendly, "transparent" calculations and built-in data analysis techniques. Its use is demonstrated with a realistic application of a medium-sized shovel. It was found, among others, that the specific energy of cutting exhibits a size effect, such that it decreases as the (-1)-power of the cutting depth for the considered example application.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.923-929
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• 2004

In this research, Forced Vibration Test(FVT) on a cable stayed bridge was conducted to examine the validity of the frequency domain pattern recognition method using signal anomaly index and artificial neuralnetwork. 7he considering structure, Samchunpo Bridge, located in Sachun-Shi, Kyungsangnam-Do, is a cable stayed bridge with the 436 meter span. The excitation force was induced by a sudden braking of a fully loaded truck. and vortical acceleration signals were acquired at 14 points. The initial 2-dimensional FE-model was developed from the design documents to prepare the training sets for the artificial neural network, and then the model calibration was performed with the field test data. As a result of the model calibration, we obtained the FFT spectrums from the model simulation, which was similar to those from the vibration test. These tests and the simulation data will be used for the structural identification using arbitrarily added masses to the bridge.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2003년도 추계학술대회논문집
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• pp.619-623
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• 2003

In this research, Forced Vibration Test(FVT) on a cable stayed bridge was conducted to examine the validity of the frequency domain pattern recognition method using signal anomaly index and artificial neural network. The considering structure, Samchunpo Bridge, located in Sachun-Shi, Kyungsangnam-Do, is a cable stayed bridge with the 436 meter span. The excitation force was induced by a sudden braking of a fully loaded truck, and vertical acceleration signals were acquired at 14 points. The initial 2-dimensional FE-model was developed from the design documents to prepare the training sets for the artificial neural network, and then the model calibration was performed with the field test data. As a result of the model calibration, we obtained the FFT spectrums from the model simulation, which was similar to those from the vibration test. These tests and the simulation data will be used fur the structural identification using arbitrarily added masses to the bridge.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.557-572
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• 2012

This paper focuses on the vibration control of long-span reticulated steel structures under multi-dimensional earthquake excitation. The control system and strategy are constructed based on Magneto-Rheological (MR) dampers. The LQR and Hrovat controlling algorithm is adopted to determine optimal MR damping force, while the modified Bingham model (MBM) and inverse neural network (INN) is proposed to solve the real-time controlling current. Three typical long-span reticulated structural systems are detailedly analyzed, including the double-layer cylindrical reticulated shell, single-layer spherical reticulated shell, and cable suspended arch-truss structure. Results show that the proposed control strategy can reduce the displacement and acceleration effectively for three typical structural systems. The displacement control effect under the earthquake excitation with different PGA is similar, while for the cable suspended arch-truss, the acceleration control effect increase distinctly with the earthquake excitation intensity. Moreover, for the cable suspended arch-truss, the strand stress variation can also be effectively reduced by the MR dampers, which is very important for this kind of structure to ensure that the cable would not be destroyed or relaxed.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.213-224
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• 2014

최근, tunnel boring machine (TBM)을 이용한 도심지 지중 전력구 터널 건설이 증가하고 있다. 쉴드 TBM을 이용한 기계화 터널 굴착 공법은 재래식 공법에 비해 지반침하를 최소화 하고 발파에 의한 진동을 줄일 수 있는 장점이 있다. 국내에서는 earth pressure balance(EPB) 쉴드 TBM이 주로 사용되고 있다. 그러나 전력구 터널 굴착을 위한 쉴드 TBM 공법이 증가함에도 불구하고, 전력구 쉴드 TBM 터널의 거동 분석에 관한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 후방주입 거리에 따른 전력구 쉴드 TBM 터널의 거동 특성을 분석하고, 굴착면 지반 손실과 후방주입 거리와의 상관관계를 도출하고자 한다. 쉴드 TBM을 이용한 터널 굴착은 3D FEM을 이용하여 시뮬레이션 하였다. 뒷채움 그라우트가 설치되는 거리의 변화에 따른 축력, 전단력, 휨 모멘트와 같은 단면력을 검토하고 지표면에서의 연직 변위를 분석하였다. 또한, 유한요소해석으로 얻어진 결과와 안정성 분석에 기초하여, 지반과 터널 구조물의 안정성을 확보할 수 있는 뒷채움재 주입시기를 결정할 수 있다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.399-414
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• 1997

This paper presents an investigation into the seismic response characteristics of a proposed ligh-weight pedestrian cable-stayed bridge made entirely from Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics(GFRP). The study employs three dimensional finite element models to study and compare the dynamic characteristics and the seismic response of the GFRP bridge to a conventional Steel-Concrete (SC) cable-stayed bridge alternative. The two bridges were subjected to three synthetic earthquakes that differ in the frequency content characteristics. The performance of the GFRP bridge was compared to that of the SC bridge by normalizing the live load and the seismic internal forces with respect to the dead load internal forces. The normalized seismically induced internal forces were compared to the normalized live load internal forces for each design alternative. The study shows that the design alternatives have different dynamic characteristics. The light GFRP alternative has more flexible deck motion in the lateral direction than the heavier SC alternative. While the SC alternative has more vertical deck modes than the GFRP alternative, it has less lateral deck modes than the GFRP alternative in the studied frequency range. The GFRP towers are more flexible in the lateral direction than the SC towers. The GFRP bridge tower attracted less normalized base shear force than the SC bridge towers. However, earthquakes, with peak acceleration of only 0.1 g, and with a variety of frequency content could induce high enough seismic internal forces at the tower bases of the GFRP cable-stayed bridge to govern the structural design of such bridge. Careful seismic analysis, design, and detailing of the tower connections are required to achieve satisfactory seismic performance of GFRP long span bridges.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.617-631
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• 2020

Wake-induced aerodynamics of yawed circular cylinders with smooth and grooved surfaces in a tandem arrangement was studied. This pair of cylinders represent sections of stay-cables with smooth surfaces and high-voltage power conductors with grooved surfaces that are vulnerable to flow-induced structural failure. The study provides some insight for a better understanding of wake-induced loads and galloping problem of bundled cables. All experiments in this study were conducted using a pair of stationary section models of circular cylinders in a wind tunnel subjected to uniform and smooth flow. The aerodynamic force coefficients and vortex-shedding frequency of the downstream model were extracted from the surface pressure distribution. For measurement, polished aluminum tubes were used as smooth cables; and hollow tubes with a helically grooved surface were used as power conductors. The aerodynamic properties of the downstream model were captured at wind speeds of about 6-23 m/s (Reynolds number of 5×10⁴ to 2.67×10⁵ for smooth cable and 2×10⁴ to 1.01×10⁵ for grooved cable) and yaw angles ranging from 0° to 45° while the upstream model was fixed at the various spacing between the two model cylinders. The results showed that the Strouhal number of yawed cable is less than the non-yawed case at a given Reynolds number, and its value is smaller than the Strouhal number of a single cable. Additionally, compared to the single smooth cable, it was observed that there was a reduction of drag coefficient of the downstream model, but no change in a drag coefficient of the downstream grooved case in the range of Reynolds number in this study.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.93-103
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• 2018

This study showed that experimental study of inelastic nonlinear behavior of two-way beam string structures. General large span structures consisting of beam members have large moment and long cross section of area. In order to decrease these excessive moment and deflection, the two-way beam string structures composed of H-Beam, strut, and cable elements were proposed. In the two-way string beam, the cable with the prestress improves force distribution of some weight reduction. Two systems made of structural steel and cables were tested. The nonlinear behaviour of the two-way beam string structures studied by using finite element model and compared to experimental results. The displacement of the LVDT in the center of the beam correspond with the ABAQUS results. 2,200MPa cable can afford to bear breaking load than 1,860MPa cable. The two-way beam string structures is correlated to the finite element model and the experimental results. In consequence, It showed that the system with two-way cables exhibits much better structural performances than H-Beam structures and beam with cable.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제70권2호
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• pp.169-178
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• 2019

The replacement of damaged components is an important task for long-span bridges. Conventional strategy for component replacement is to close the bridge to traffic, so that the influence of the surrounding environment is reduced to a minimum extent. However, complete traffic interruption would bring substantial economic losses and negative social influence nowadays. This paper investigates traffic control technologies without interruption for component replacement of long-span bridges. A numerical procedure of traffic control technologies is proposed incorporating traffic microsimulation and site-specific data, which is then implemented through a case study of cable replacement of a long-span cable-stayed bridge. Results indicate traffic load effects on the bridge are lower than the design values under current low daily traffic volume, and therefore cable replacement could be conducted without traffic control. However, considering a possible medium or high level of daily traffic volume, traffic load effects of girder bending moment and cable force nearest to the replaced cable become larger than the design level. This indicates a potential risk of failure, and traffic control should be implemented. Parametric studies show that speed control does not decrease but increase the load effects, and flow control using lane closure is not effectual. However, weight control and gap control are very effective to mitigate traffic load effects, and it is recommended to employ a weight control with gross vehicle weight no more than 65 t or/and a gap control with minimum vehicle gap no less than 40 m for the cable replacement of the case bridge.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제87권3호
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• pp.255-272
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• 2023

Spatial cable systems can provide more transverse stiffness and torsional stiffness without sacrificing the vertical bearing capacity compared with conventional vertical cable systems, which is quite lucrative for long-span earth-anchored suspension bridges' development. Higher economy highlights the importance of refined form-finding analysis. Meanwhile, the internal connection between the lateral and vertical sags has not yet been specified. Given this, an analytic algorithm of form-finding for the earth-anchored suspension bridge with spatial cables is proposed in this paper. Through the geometric compatibility condition and mechanical equilibrium condition, the expressions for cable segment, the recurrence relationship between catenary parameters and control equations of spatial cable are established. Additionally, the nonlinear general reduced gradient method is introduced into fast and high-precision numerical analysis. Furthermore, the analytic expression of the lateral and vertical sags is deduced and discussed. This is very significant for the space design above the bridge deck and the optimization of the sag-to-span ratio in the preliminary design stage of the bridge. Finally, the proposed method is verified with the aid of two examples, one being an operational self-anchored suspension bridge (with spatial cables and a 260 m main span), and the other being an earth-anchored suspension bridge under design (with spatial cables and a 500 m main span). The necessity of an iterative calculation for hanger tensions on earth-anchored suspension bridges is confirmed. It is further concluded that the main cable and their connected hangers are in very close inclined planes.