• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.144-151
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• 2002

For elucidating the relationship between the biosynthetic pathways for polyhydroxyslkanoates (PHAs) and 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), culture conditions for the production of these two biomaterials by Rhodopseudomonas sp. KCTC 1437 were investigated. Of the carbon substrates tested, acetic acid was the best carbon source for cell growth and PHA biosynthesis. When succinic acid was added as a co-substrate into culture medium, cell growth and PHA production were greatly increased up to 2.5 g/ι and 73% of dry cell weight, respectively. The PHA obtained from the carbon substrates tested was homopolyester of 3-hydroxybutyrate, while valeric acid was only effective for the production of copolyester consisting of 3-hydroxybutyrate and 3-hydroxyvalerate. Anaerobic light culture condition was better for PHA production and cell growth than anaerobic dark or aerobic dark culture condition. The organism was capable of synthesizing ALA when glycine and succinic acid were added to the culture medium. ALA was produced to ca.400 mg/ι when levulinic acid, soccinic acid, and glycine were repeatedly added with a reductant (sodim thioglycolate). However, the presence of glycine, levulinic acid and sodium glycolate inhibited the cell growth and the conversion of carbon substrates to PHA. From these results it is apparent that the production yields of PHA and ALA could not be increased simultaneously because the optimal conditions for the production of PHA and ALA are opposed to each other.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.74-79
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of Aster koraiensis Nakai as a natural health food source. To accomplish this, the general and antioxidative contents of A. koraiensis were measured. Total contents of carbohydrates, crude protein, crude lipid, and ash were 72.15%, 13.49%, 5.09%, and 9.27%, respectively. Caloric content of A. koraiensis was 349.70 kcal, while total dietary fiber was 49.79%. Total proteins consisted of 18 different kinds of amino acids. Contents of essential and non-essential amino acids were 4.6 and 5.5 g/100 g, respectively. Regarding mineral contents, P was the most abundant mineral, followed by K, Ca, and Na. Therefore, A. koraiensis is an alkali material. Total phenol contents of the hot water and 80% ethanolic extracts of A. koraiensis were $87.7{\pm}5.01$ and $112.4{\pm}3.41$ mg GAE/g, respectively. Total flavonoid contents of the hot water and 80% ethanolic extracts were $86.6{\pm}3.71$ and $95.1{\pm}8.00$ mg RE/g, respectively. The DPPH radical-scavenging activity and reducing power of the 80% ethanolic extract of A. koraiensis were higher than those of the water extract. Therefore, the general nutrients and antioxidant bioactive materials in A. koraiensis are potential materials for health foods.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.400-405
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• 2002

Herbs are widely used as a source of tea and otherwise such as botanical medicine, essential oil for perfumes, cosmetics, and food spices. This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of herb tea prepared with lavender, rosemary, mint, thyme and sage cultivated in korea. Approximate composition were as follows : crude protein 1.4∼17.5%, crude fat 6.1∼15.8%, sugars 43.5∼61s%, crude ash 7.7∼10.7%. Minerals contents of Ca ranged 707∼1763mg%, P 234 ∼513mg%, K 2,391∼3,430mg%, and Mg 361∼573mg%. Vitamins were $\beta$ -Carotene 6.9∼27.7mg%, B$_1$, 0.34∼0.62mg%, B$_2$1.37 ∼2.52mg%, niacin 5.3∼8.8mg%, and C 102∼111mg%. The changes of chromaticity a and b, pH, and sugar content of the herb tea at the different temperatures were decreased 80$\^{C}$ and 100$\^{C}$ in comparison to 60$\^{C}$ but increased chromaticity L. In the result of sensory test of the processed herb tea was more preferred than the market goods.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.325-331
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• 2015

Due to urbanization and increase in impervious area, changes in natural water circulation system have become a cause of groundwater recharge reduction, streamflow depletion and other hydrological problems. Therefore, this study developed the infiltration planter techniques applied in an LID facility treating roof stormwater runoff such as, performance of small decentralized retention and infiltration through the reproduction of natural water circulation system and use of landscape for cleaning water. Assessment of an infiltration planter was performed through rainfall monitoring to analyze the water balance and pollutant removal efficiency. Hydrologic assessment of an infiltration planter, showed a delay in time of effluent for roof runoff for about 3 hours and on average, 79% of facilities had a runoff reduction through retention and infiltration. Based on the analysis, pollutant removal efficiency generated in the catchment area showed an average of 97% for the particulate matter, 94% for the organic matter and 86-96% and 92-93% for the nutrients and heavy metals were treated, respectively. Comparative results with other LID facilities were made. For this study, facilities compared the SA/CA to high pollutant removal efficiency for the determination to of the effectiveness of the facility when applied in an urban area.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.137-145
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• 1981

Using the milled, blast infected leaves (BIL) as an inoculum source on the screening for the resistance to blast of rice plant was a simple and useful technique. The temperature with high (25^\circ C\sim 35^\circ C) and low (15^\circ C\sim 28^\circ C) and the water stressed or not, was conditioned of to the inoculation with the BIL to the test varieties in seedling stage. In low temperature, most of the varieties were more infected with blast, however the Indica-Japonica hybrids were more infected in high temperature conditions. The water stressed was more infected with blast than the not stressed. The interaction of variety with water stress was not so much as that of variety with temperature. Resistant reaction to blast (BIL) was not affected by the temperature and water stress, but the moderately resistant or susceptible one was much affected by them. Inoculum of BIL was virulent to the newly bred Indica-Japonica hybrid cultivars such as Tongil, Nopung, etc, but not virulent to the Japonica cultivars such as Nongbaek, Jinheung, etc. The discrete, mixed or variable lesions were observed mainly in the moderately resistant or susceptible cultivars such as Kanto 51, Yashiromochi, Ishikari-shiroke, etc.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.43-46
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• 2007

Analysis of general ingredients and amino acid content in dried silkworm feces which were extracted with hot water, EtOH, MeOH for developing new income source of rearing farm, seeking high additive value material and industrialization of silkworm feces. In the analysis of general ingredient content by extracting solution, raw protein and ash contents were increased with MeOH, EtOH, hot water. And raw fat showed higher contents by the order of EtOH > MeOH > hot water. The inorganic matter content showed a little difference among collection times of silkworm feces. Hot water was most effective extracting solution for total amino acid, and no significant difference between EtOH and MeOH. According to the time, there were no significant difference in amino acid contents. When extracted with hot water, Glu content was highest content and order of others is Asp > Gly > Ala > Leu > Thr > Ser among 18 amino acids.

• Proceedings of the Mineralogical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.66-66
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• 2003

King George island, Antarctica, is mostly covered by ice sheet and glaciers, but the land area is focally exposed for several thousand years after deglaciation. For a mineralogical study of chemical weathering in the polar environment, glacial debris was sampled at the well-developed patterned ground which was formed by long periglaclal process. As fresh equivalents, recently exposed tills were sampled at the base of ice cliff of outlet glaciers and at the melting margin of ice cap together with fresh bedrock samples. Fresh tills are mostly composed of quartz, plagioclase, chlorite, and illite, but those derived from hydrothermal alteration zone contain smectite and illite-smectite. In bedrocks, chlorite was the major clay minerals in most samples with minor illite near hydrothermal alteration zone and interstratified chlorite-smectite in some samples. Smectite closely associated with eolian volcanic glass was assigned to alteration in their source region. Blocks with rough surface due to chemical disintegration showed weathering rinds of several millimeter thick. Comparision between inner fresh and outer altered zones did not show notable change in clay mineralogy except dissolution of calcite and some plagioclase. Most significant weathering was observed in the biotite flakes, eolian volcanic glass, sulfides, and carbonates in the debris. Biotite flakes derived from granodiorite were altered to hydrobiotite and vermiculite of yellow brown color. Minor epitactic kaolinite and gibbsite were formed in the cleaved flakes of weathered biotite. Pyrite was replaced by iron oxides. Calcite was congruently dissolved. Volcanic glass of basaltic andesite composition showed alteration rim of several micrometer thick or completely dissolved leaving mesh of plagioclase laths. In the alteration rim, Si, Na, Mg, and Ca were depleted, whereas Al, Ti, and Fe were relatively enriched. Mineralization of lichen and moss debris is of much interest. They are rich of A3 and Si roughly in the ratio of 2:1 to 3:1 typical of allophane. In some case, Fe and Ti are enriched in addition to Al and Si. Transmission electron microscopy of the samples rich of volcanic glass showed abundant amorphous aluminosilicates, which are interpreted as allophane. Chemical weathering in the King George Island is dominated by the leaching of primary phyllosilicates, carbonates, eolian volcanic glass, and minor sulfides. Authigenesls of clay minerals is less active. Absence of a positive evidence of significant authigenic smectite formation suggests that its contribution to the clay mineralogy of marine sediments are doubtful even near the maritime Antarctica undergoing a more rapid and intenser chemical weathering under more humid and milder climate.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.205-217
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• 2017

Mineral carbonation by indirect method has been studied by serpentinite as cation source. Through the carbonation of $CO_2$ and alkaline earth ions (calcium and magnesium) from serpentinite, the pure carbonates including $MgCO_3$ and $CaCO_3$ were synthesized. The extraction solvent used to extract magnesium (Mg) was ammonium sulfate ($(NH_4)_2SO_4$), and the investigated experimental factors were the concentration of $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, reaction temperature, and ratio of serpentinite to the extraction solvent. From this study, the Mg extraction efficiency of approximately 80 wt% was obtained under the conditions of 2 M $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, $300^{\circ}C$, and a ratio of 5 g of serpentinite/75 mL of extraction solvent. The Mg extraction efficiency was proportional to the concentration and reaction temperature. $NH_3$ produced from the Mg extraction of serpentinite was used as a pH swing agent for carbonation to increase the pH value. About 1.78 M of $NH_3$ as the form of $NH_4{^+}$ was recovered after Mg extraction from serpentinite. And, the main step in Mg extraction process of serpentinite was estimated by geochemical modeling.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1682-1688
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• 2007

To develop multifunctional microbial inoculant, microorganisms with antagonistic activity and biofertilizing activity were screened. Pantoea agglomerans and Bacillus megaterium from our laboratory culture collection, and strain MF12 from soil near poultry farm in Miryang were selected. On the basis of morphological, physiological studies and 16S rDNA sequence analysis, isolate MF12 was identified as the Bacillus pumilis. Three strains were studied for insoluble phosphate solubilization, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and siderophore production, ammonification ability, hydrolytic enzyme production and antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi. P. agglomerans did not produce any visible clear zone on agar plate containing 0.5% $Ca_3(PO_4){_2}$ as a sole phosphorus source. However, this strain could solubilize insoluble phosphate in liquid medium. All strains produced IAA ranged from $3{\sim}639{\mu}g/ml$ depending on culture time and had ammonification ability. Among three strains, only P. agglomerans produced siderophore. P. agglomerans produced pectinase and lipase, B. megaterium produced amylase, protease and lipase while B. pumilis produced protease and lipase. P. agglomerans showed antifungal activities against phytopathogenic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. B. pumilis showed antifungal activities against Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Phythium ultimum.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.24-45
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• 1972

The Han River is an important water source in Seoul and neighbouring districts, for public and industrial supply, and for agriculture and fishery. Nowadays, more than six million inhabitants are supplied withe water from this river. The total length of the river is 470km, and has 17 10$\^$9/㎥ an average annual flow. The hydrographic characteristics at Seoul are 653㎥/sec in an average flow, 4,608㎥/sec in the maximum average flow, and 201㎥/sec in the minimum average flow. These are influenced in some degree by snowmelt in early spring, and greatly by the flood during summer. For the pollution problems, the periods of low flow are critical ones. As a rule they occur around the months November through June. Nowadays, most of the sewage from towns and industries is discharged untreated. Apart from domestic and industrial sewages, there are some discharges of mineral matter by mines in the upriver region. In general, water quality of the Han River is kept very clean and healthy until Kwangnaru of the upper region of Seoul. A large pollution, however, is received in the downstream by the domestic and industrial sewages of Seoul. It can be seen that dissolved oxygen, COD and BOD$\sub$5/ diminish markedly, and the intensity of almost every water parameter of the river continues to increase. Comparison of the figures for 1971 derived from a sampling point 40km downstream of Kwangnaru leads to the conclusion that hardness, Ca and Mg were no changed; alkalinity, Si and soluble- Fe were slightly increased; CO$\sub$2/, acidity, Cl, NO$\sub$2/-N, Cu, Zn and Al were increased in 2 and 3 times; total residue, total ignitious residue, COD, BOD$\sub$5/, NH$\sub$4/-N, PO$\sub$4/-P, Mn, Pb and total-Fe were increased in 4 to 7 times; and SO$\sub$4/, particulate-Fe and Cd were increased in 10 to 11 times. On the other hand, coliforms were increased in 650 times; fecal coliforms in 365 times; enterococci and total plate counts in 30 times, respectively. In view points of water quality standards, the down Han River water is now leveling out in Cd, coliforms and fecal coliforms for the agricultural use; in dissolved oxygen and some trace elements (Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) for the fishery use; in ammonia, COD, BOD$\sub$5/, and Cd for the drinking use.