• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.47 no.1
• /
• pp.21-32
• /
• 2019

In order to investigate the decay process of wood treated with preservative, waterproofing agent and their compound systems, a full-cell process was applied to impregnate the sapwood of poplar (Populus cathay) at paraffin wax emulsion concentrations of 0.5% and 2.0%, Copper Azole (CA) concentrations of 0.3% and 0.5%, and their four compound systems, respectively. Leaching tests and laboratory decay resistance against the white-rot fungus Corious versicolor (L.) Murrill for treated wood were carried out according to the America Standard E11-06 and China Standard GB/T 13942.1-2009. At certain time intervals during the decay test, samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) to investigate the time-dependent changes of chemical components and crystalline structure, thus clarifying the decay mechanisms. The results suggested that white-rot fungi degrade hemicellulose and lignin in the wood cell wall first, followed by a simultaneous degradation of polysaccharides and lignin. Besides, CA could not only slower the decomposition of both hemicellulose and lignin, but also reduce the degradation amount of hemicellulose. However, paraffin wax emulsion at high concentration had a negative effect on the impregnation of CA for the compound system treated wood.

• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.50-57
• /
• 1995

When engine oil is used under severe running condition, the Lubricational characteristics is very important. I have studied the Lubricational characteristics with Compound Additives of engine oil for the Falex wear test machine. Adding detergent (Ca-phenate) to engine oil, the seizure is more improved than in case of non-adding, and adding Zn-DTP (Zinc dialkyl dithio phosphate), the extreme pressure property is excellent at the high load. But when the PTFE (Polytetra Fluoro Ethylene) and MoS$_{2}$ (Molybdenum disulfide) are added, the temperature characteristics and the anti-wear property become excellent because the stability can be maintained in a high temperature. The result are as follows, it can be improved that when the compound of the Ca-phenate and Zn-DTP, MoS$_{2}$, PTFE, etc. was added to engine oil, the lubrication characteristics become better. It is argued that it is improved because of excellence of the anti-wear, the extreame pressure properties and the heat stability.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.49 no.5
• /
• pp.386-391
• /
• 2005

The discovery of drugs for the treatment of mast cell-mediated allergic disease is a very important subject in human health. The Amomum xanthiodes (Zingiberaceae) has been used for centuries as a traditional medicine in Korea and is known to have an anti-inflammatory effect. However, its specific mechanism of action is still unknown. In this report, we investigated the effect of hot water extract from Amomum xanthiodes (EAX) on the mast cell-mediated allergic reaction and studied its possible mechanisms of action. EAX inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis and serum his­tamine release in mice. EAX decreased the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction activated by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE antibody. EAX dose-dependently reduced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells activated by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. EAX increased cAMP and decreased compound 48/80-induced intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ levels. Our findings provide evidence that EAX inhibits mast cell-derived allergic reactions, and also demonstrate the involvement of cAMP and intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ in these effects.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.291-298
• /
• 2014

We investigate the effects of cryoprotectant mixtures on the quality of sand lance surimi (SLS) during storage at $-30^{\circ}C$. We monitored freeze-induced denaturation of myofibrillar protein in SLS and examined the texture profile of SLS gel. Freeze-induced denaturation was assessed by evaluating SLS $Ca^{+2}$-ATPase activity. SLS gels prepared with sorbitol or sucrose and a mixture of both as cryoprotectant. Higher concentrations of cryoprotectants resulted in significantly higher residual SLS $Ca^{+2}$-ATPase activity at the same storage time (P < 0.05). Residual $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase activity of SLS prepared with sorbitol was higher than that of sucrose when cryoprotectant concentration and storage period were same. A blend of sorbitol and sucrose resulted in a stronger cryoprptective effect of SLS myofibrillar protein than did sorbitol or sucrose alone. The presence of a phosphate compound in SOP (3% sorbitol + 0.2% phosphate compound) resulted in higher SLS $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase activity than that of did 5% sorbitol. The hardness, brittleness, and elasticity values and a folding test of the SLS gels were significantly affected by cryoprotectant concentrations and the storage time. Preference scores and acceptance for texture in a sensory evaluation of the SLS gels increased with increasing sorbitol or sucrose concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.27 no.6
• /
• pp.799-807
• /
• 1990

In this study, effects of oxide additives on mechanical properties and microstructure of A1N and A1N polytype ceramics were investigated. Fine A1N powder was synthesized by nitriding alumiuim hydroxide prepared from Al-isopropoxide, at 1350$^{\circ}C$ for 10h in N2 atmosphere. By adding 3w/o Y2O3, 0.56w/o CaO, and 10w/o SiO2 to AlN powder, AlN and AlN polytype ceramics were prepared by hot-pressing under the pressure of 30 MPa at 1800$^{\circ}C$ for 1h. AlN ceramics with no additives formed considerable amount of AlON phase, while AlN ceramics doped with Y2O3 or CaO decreased AlON phase and formed Y-Al or Ca-Al oxide compound. AlN＋10w/o SiO2(＋3w/o Y2O3) composition produced AlON and AlN polytype compound having 21R as a major phase. Room temperature flexural strength of AlN ceramics with no additive was 246MPa, and room temperature flexural strength and critical temperature difference by thermal shock(ΔTc) of AlN ceramics dooped with Y2O3 or CaO were 532MPa/340$^{\circ}C$ and 423MPa/300$^{\circ}C$, respectively. Y2O3 and CaO used as sintering agent played roles of densification and oxygen removal of AlN ceramics, and affected grain growth/grain morphologies of AlN ceramics.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
• /
• v.35 no.6
• /
• pp.155-162
• /
• 2015

The effect of Sr addition on mechanical and bio-corrosion properties of as-cast Mg-3wt.%Zn-0.5wt.%Ca-xwt.%Sr (x = 0.3, 0.6, 0.9) alloys were examined for application as biodegradable implant material. The microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the as-cast Mg-Zn-Ca-Sr alloys were characterized by using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, tensile testing and electrochemical measurement in Hank's solution. The as-cast alloys contained ${\alpha}$-Mg and eutectic $Ca_2Mg_6Zn_3$ phases, while the alloys contained ${\alpha}$-Mg, $Ca_2Mg_6Zn_3$ and Mg-Zn-Ca-Sr intermetallic compound when the Sr addition was more than 0.3 wt.%. The yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation increased with the increasing of Sr content up to 0.6 wt.% but decreased in the 0.9 wt.% Sr-added alloy, whereas the corrosion resistance of 0.3 wt.% Sr-added alloy was superior to other alloys. It was thought that profuse Mg-Zn-Ca-Sr intermetallic compound deteriorated both the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the as-cast alloy.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.21-26
• /
• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of tree-spray of calcium formate compound extracted from oyster shell with several active agents on the calcium concentration, fruit skin shape and quality of 'Fuji' apple. The tree-spray of calcium formate compound extracted from oyster shell (Os-CaF, $52.4\;mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) appeared to have more effectiveness on the calcium translocation into leaves, fruit skin and flesh than control. Addition of adjuvants to Os-CaF increased calcium concentration of 'Fuji' apple when sprayed three times before harvest. Among the active agents examined, the treatment ascorbic acid and poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA) in leaves, Ag-colloidal and PVA in fruit skin, ascorbic acid, Ag-colloidal, and PVA in fruit flesh exhibited highest effectiveness. Fruit qualities (fruit weight, firmness, soluble solids, acidity and Hunter value) were not affect by Os-CaF on different concentrations and solutions of active agents.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.99-103
• /
• 1988

With a purpose of finding out the effects of magnesium and boron enriched organic-compound fertilizer application on qualities of grasses on the hilly pasture, a field experiment was arranged with five different treatments as a randomized block design and lasted from September, 1984 to the end of growing season in 1986. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Mean chemical components except NFE of grasses at the plots with organic-compound fertilizer application were appeared to contain slightly high comparing to single dressing. 2. Production of DCP with organic-compound fertilizer (1,170.2 kg/ha) was significanty increased by 20% comparing to single dressing (975.7 kg/ha) in the conventional fertilization level (p<0.05), but it was not significantly different between them in the low dressing level. 3. Production of energies (TDN, StE and NEL) with organic-compound fertilizer of low and conventional dressing level were appeared to increase by 10 and 13 to 15% than those of single dressing of the same levels, respectively. But it was not significant difference. 4. Like single dressing nutrient productions with organic-compound fertilizer were appeared significantly high due to increasing of dressing gradually (P<0.05-0.01) 5. Mineral contents of P and Mg at the plots with organic-compound fertilizer were a little higher, on the other hand, K, C/P and K/Ca + Mg equivalent ratio were slightly lower than those of single dressing, but the content of Ca tended to similar between them.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.42 no.2
• /
• pp.165-174
• /
• 2018

Background: Extended endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress may initiate apoptotic pathways in cancer cells, and ER stress has been reported to possibly increase tumor death in cancer therapy. We previously reported that caspase-8 played an important role in compound K-induced apoptosis via activation of caspase-3 directly or indirectly through Bid cleavage, cytochrome c release, and caspase-9 activation in HL-60 human leukemia cells. The mechanisms leading to apoptosis in A549 and SK-MES-1 human lung cancer cells and the role of ER stress have not yet been understood. Methods: The apoptotic effects of compound K were analyzed using flow cytometry, and the changes in protein levels were determined using Western blot analysis. The intracellular calcium levels were monitored by staining with Fura-2/AM and Fluo-3/AM. Results: Compound K-induced ER stress was confirmed through increased phosphorylation of $eIF2{\alpha}$ and protein levels of GRP78/BiP, XBP-1S, and $IRE1{\alpha}$ in human lung cancer cells. Moreover, compound-K led to the accumulation of intracellular calcium and an increase in m-calpain activities that were both significantly inhibited by pretreatment either with BAPTA-AM (an intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ chelator) or dantrolene (an RyR channel antagonist). These results were correlated with the outcome that compound K induced ER stress-related apoptosis through caspase-12, as z-ATAD-fmk (a specific inhibitor of caspase-12) partially ameliorated this effect. Interestingly, 4-PBA (ER stress inhibitor) dramatically improved the compound K-induced apoptosis. Conclusion: Cell survival and intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ homeostasis during ER stress in human lung cancer cells are important factors in the induction of the compound K-induced apoptotic pathway.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.38 no.6
• /
• pp.1466-1475
• /
• 2021

Compound K (20-O-β-(_D-glucopyranosyl)-20(S)-protopanaxadiol) is an active ingredient of ginsenosides. Compound K has been known to produce from biotransformation by β-glucosidase action of human intestinal microbes after oral admistration of ginseng. We have investigated the cytotoxicity of compound K obtained from bio-converted ginseng extract. As a result, compound K showed no significant cytotoxicity in the concentration of 0.001 to 1 ㎍/mL and inhibited the production of TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6 and NO in RAW 264.7 cells induced by LPS inflamation. In the same concentration, HaCaT cells induced by inflammation with TNF-α and IFN-γ decreased IL-8 production due to compound K treatment. In the brine shrimp lethality assay, the LC₅₀ of compound K was 0.37 mg/mL indicating some toxicity, but the bioconverted product containing 35% compound K showed relatively low toxicity with an LC₅₀ of 0.87 mg/mL. These results suggest that the compound K enriched extract is a potential functional material for acne relief cosmetic products.