• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.141-145
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• 2014

There is a burgeoning number of products on the market that contain probiotics, but do they do you any good? What exactly are probiotics? They have been defined as living organisms that, when ingested in sufficient quantities, provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition. They are often referred to as "friendly bacteria" or "good bacteria." Probiotics have been claimed, amongst other things, to (i) reduce the incidence of colon cancer and other diseases of the colon, such as IBS, (ii) stimulate the immune system, (iii) have anti-hypertensive and anti-cholesterolemic properties, (iv) mitigate against the effect of antibiotics on the intestinal microbiota, and (v) protect against gastrointestinal infections. However, the scientific basis for many of these claims is not well-established. Indeed, the European Food Safety Authority has denied the use of several health claims associated with probiotics, particularly those related to mitigation of diarrhea following consumption of antibiotics. Thus, there is a need for research on the mechanisms of action of probiotics. We have been mainly interested in the use of probiotics to control enteric infections. There are several possible modes of action to explain how probiotics may protect the host from enteric pathogens, including competitive exclusion and immunomodulation. We have shown that probiotics produce bioactive molecules that interfere with bacterial cell-cell communication (also called quorum sensing), and this results in a down-regulation of virulence genes that are responsible for attachment of the pathogen to the gastrointestinal epithelium. These bioactive molecules act on a variety of bacteria, including enterohemorrhagic and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens, and there is evidence that they can inhibit the formation of biofilms by Listeria monocytogenes. These bioactive molecules, which are peptidic in nature, can exert their effects not only in vitro but also in vivo, and we have shown that they mitigate against E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in mice and Salmonella and E. coli K88 infections in pigs. They can be delivered in foods such as yoghurt and maintain their activity.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to evaluate propriety of using SID 180cm at Chest PA examination and to find effect of geometrical cause to the image. XGEO-GC80, INNOVISION-SH, CXDI-40EG detector and a chest phantom designed self-production was used for this study. Images were acquired at SID 180cm with changing the factor OID as 0, 75 and 83mm and were analyzed by Centricity Radiography RA1000 PACS system. Statistical program was used the SPSS (Version 22.0, SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA), p-value(under 0.05) was considered to be statistically significant. In OID 0 mm was enlarged about 2.7~3.5 mm than the actual degree of the HS, BS of phantom in all equipments. Compared with the calculated magnification has been expanded 1.6~2.8% when viewed. The OID 75 mm with OID 83 mm was extended from the CS and BS 6~8 mm range. Compared to the calculated values, the measured values are expanded from 6.1 to 7.9%. CS and BS according to the OID change showed a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) among each group, the post-analysis only OID 0 mm group appeared as an independent group, 75 mm and 83 mm are separated in the same group It was. But had no statistically significant difference could change depending on the OID (p>0.05), post-mortem analysis showed, both in the same group. Heart sizes appears larger than actual size 6~8 mm at chest PA examination which is enlarged 6.1~7.9% more than the actual theoretical value. We can find magnification of the image because of the increase of the OID due to technical limitations between cover of standing detector and the image plate. so we suggest to have occurred between them when considering the need to adjust the equipment installed by the SID to match the characteristics of the equipment.