• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.56-63
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• 2018

강우사상이 발생함에 따라 시설용량을 초과하여 미처리된 상태로 방류수계에 직접 배출되는 합류식 관거 월류수(Combimed Sewer Overflows, CSOs) 및 분류식 관거 월류수(Separated Sewer Overflows, SSOs)의 관리는 집중호우가 잦아지는 근래에 들어 그 관리가 더욱 중요해지고 있다. 밀집도가 높은 도심지에 적용성이 유리한 여과기술은 지속적인 개발이 이루어지고 있음에도 불구하고 CSOs에 적용된 사례가 거의 전무한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 로프형 섬유여재가 적용된 Pilot 규모의 수평흐름식 여과장치를 CSOs에 적용하기 위해 공정최적화를 목적으로 수행되었다. 연구방법은 인공시료를 적용한 사전연구와 하수를 적용한 현장연구로 구분하여 수행하였다. 인공시료를 적용한 사전연구에서 여재 자체의 손실수두는 약 1.1cm정도로 분석되었고, 선속도 10m/hr 증가에 따라 약 0.1cm 정도의 손실수두 증가를 유발하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, SS 제거효율은 81.4% 정도로 안정적이었고, 여과지속시간은 6시간 이상 유지되었으며, 공기역세척만으로도 98% 정도의 손실수두 평균 회복율을 보였다. 하수를 적용한 현장평가에서는 여재의 조기폐색을 방지하기 위한 전처리공정으로 벨트 형 미세스크린(450mesh 이상)를 적용했을 때 2시간 내외의 여과지속시간을 확보할 수 있었고, 평균 83.9%의 SS 제거효율을 나타내었다. CSOs 및 SSOs에 여과공정 적용을 위해서는 효율적 측면보다 여과지속시간의 안정적 유지를 위한 수리적 측면을 보완하기 위해서 전처리공정과의 조합이 중요하다는 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 건기와 비교하여 우기의 유입하수 수질은 다소 낮은 보였으며, 이는 분류식 관거 비율이 높은 배수구역의 특성 때문인 것으로 추정된다. 또한, 우기와 건기의 유입수질에 따른 제거효율 차이는 미미하였다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.982-990
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• 2006

Generally CSOs (Combined Sewer Overflows) are regarded as one of the most serious nonpoint pollution source in the urban watershed, Particularly, the water quality of the Oncheon stream is seriously affected by CSOs because the capacity of interception sewer system connected to the Suyoung wastewater treatment plant is too small to intercept most storm water discharges. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of nonpoint source on an urban stream with regards to combined sewer system and separate sewer system using GIS (Geographic Information System) and SWMM (Storm Water Management Model), and to provide an insight for the management of urban stream water quality. In order to consider the effect of CSOs on the receiving water quality, the flow divider element in SWMM was applied. The model calibration and verification were performed by the measured data of quantity and quality on the Oncheon stream. The quantity data acquired from the Suyoung wastewater treatment plant were also used for this procedure. In case of separate sewer system, the modeling results showed the increased tendency in streamflow compared with the combined system in dry weather, In addition, the water quality is remarkably improved in rainfall events at the separate condition. The results imply that the construction of separate sewer system should be taken into first consideration to restore the quality and quantity of water in urban streams.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.36-40
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• 2015

This study examined the disinfection in combined sewer overflows (CSOs) by pulsed ultraviolet (PUV). The reflectors (stainless steel. mirror, aluminium foil, aluminium (1050), aluminium (6061), aluminium (5052), and aluminium mirror) of PUV irradiation was performed in a 90 L stainless reactor at a constant temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ and an applied power of 4000 W. The reflection efficiency of reflectors were showed 1.00 (aluminium mirror) ~ 1.48 (aluminium foil) does. The case of a rough surface analysis using SEM showed high reflectance, was the case of a smooth surface and a low reflectivity. Pseudo first-order rate constant calculated results, has a higher reflectivity values were more than twice as high compared to the low reflectivity. Affected Total coliforms disinfection time, depending on the type of reflector is considered.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.629-639
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• 2010

To evaluate the performance of high rate coagulation system(HRCS) for CSOs treatment, fundamental function of lab scale HRCS has been tested by using the Jar tester and lab scale HRCS. The optimum pH dose by Streaming Current value was found in the range of 5.3~6.0 in Fe(III), and in the range of 5.8~6.6 in Al(III) and the optimum chemical dose were 0.44mM of $Al_2(SO_4)_3$ and 0.93mM of $FeCl_3$. The removal efficiencies at optimum $Al_2(SO_4)_3$ dose were 75%($TCOD_{Cr}$), 97%(TP), 95%(SS) and 96%(turbidity), respectively. And the removal efficiency of particles with less than $5{\mu}m$ of diameter was 70% and that of particles with higher than $5{\mu}m$ of diameter was 90%. The optimum alum dose in lab scale HRCS was 150mg/L, and the treatment efficiency was the best with addition of 1.0mg/L polymer. The effect of Micro sand addition was not clear, because the depth of the sediment tank in lab scale HRCS was not long enough. But the HRT of this lab scale HRCS was able to be shorten less then 7 minutes by adding the micro sand. The surface loading rates with respect to using different chemicals were 0.43m/h with alum only, 5.78m/h with alum and polymer and 6.22m/h with alum, polymer and micro sand. As a result, HRCS using coagulant, polymer and micro sand developed in this study was evaluated to be very effective for CSOs treatment.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.313-324
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• 2013

It is widely known that untreated Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) that directly discharged from receiving water have a negative impact. Recent concerns on the CSO problem have produced several large scale constructions of treatment facilities, but the facilities are normally designed under empirical design criteria. In this study, several criteria for defining CSOs (e.g. determination of effective rainfall, sampling time, minimum duration of data used for rainfall-runoff simulation and so on) were investigated. Then this study suggested a standard methodology for the CSO calculation and support formalized standard on the design criteria for CSO facilities. Criteria decided for an effective rainfall was over 0.5 mm of total rainfall depth and at least 4 hours should be exist between two different events. An Antecedent dry weather period prior to storm event to satisfy the effective rainfall criteria was over 3 days. Sampling time for the rainfall-runoff model simulation was suggested as 1 hour. A duration of long-term simulation CSO overflow and frequency calculation should be at least recent 10 year data. A Management plan for the CSOs should be established under a phase-in of the plan. That should reflect site-specific conditions of different catchments, and formalized criteria for defining CSOs should be used to examine the management plans.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제22권B호
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• pp.95-101
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• 2002

Much of domestic city is served by combined sewer system rather than separate sanitary or storm sewers. During wet weather, when the volume of sanitary sewage and storm water entering the combined sewers exceeds the system capacity, the system is designed to overflow at several designated CSOs. The objective of this research is to have grasp of characteristics of combined sewer runoff and to evaluate efficiently the intercepted volume of CSOs. During the wet weather in first rainfall, SS load at each site H-1, H-2, and H-3 were 600kg/event, 370kg/event, and 289kg/event, SS load at each site in second rainfall were 216kg/event, 113kg/event, and 37.2kg/event. EMCs at each site were 702mg/L, 816mg/L, 861mg/L in first rainfall and 99.9mg/L, 161.9mg/L, 103.6mg/L in second rainfall, respectively. First flush coefficients b at each site were 0.237, 0.166, and 0.151.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.314-320
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• 2006

Diffuse pollution from an urban area contributes to the significant pollution loading to a receiving water body. In this paper, rainfall runoffs from an urban basin with combined sewer systems located in the city of Daejeon were monitored to measure the rainfall runoff discharge rates and pollutant concentrations. Strong first flush effects were observed for all monitored rainfall runoffs. The first flush effects were closely related to rainfall intensity, while suspended solids were closely related to pollutant constituents. The observed averaged Event Mean Concentrations (EMCs) of Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) were 536.1 mg SS/L, 467.7 mg CODcr/L, 142.7 mg BOD/L, 16.5 mg TN/L, and 13.5 mg TP/L. Storage volumes for containing the first flush to improve water quality of the receiving stream can be estimated based on suspended solid concentration. In this study, retainment of the first flush equivalent to 5mm of precipitation could reduce diffuse pollution loading induced by CSOs to a receiving water body by up to 80% of suspended solid loading.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.654-660
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• 2011

One of the best way to control Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) is proposed to construct first flush storage tank. But there is little known parameters for optimum design of these facilities. This study was conducted to get optimum design parameters for a first flush storage tank construction. The optimization of the tank is generally based upon some measure of SS(Suspended Solid) mass holding efficiency. Water quality deterioration of receiving water body happened right after first time occurring rainfall in dry weather seasons. So, design rainfall intensity is used at 2 mm/hr for peak of monthly average intensities of dry seasons. The capacities for each evaluated catchment are designed from 14.4 min to 16.1 min HRT of CSOs flow at design rainfall intensity. Owing to all storage tanks are connected to interception sewer having a redundancy, the suggested volume could be cut down.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.481-491
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• 2022

본 연구는 CSOs의 고도처리를 목적으로 다단 횡류식 여과와 GAC 흡착조의 융합공정의 운영에서 GAC 흡착조의 유기물 처리 특성을 조사하고 설계 파과점에 도달한 GAC를 전기화학적 방법을 통한 재생효율을 평가하는 것이다. 여과공정은 부유물질은 용이하게 제거되지만 용존 유기물이 제거되지 않아 CSOs의 고도처리를 위해서는 용존유기물질의 제거능이 추가로 필요하다. 일반적으로 GAC 흡착은 정수처리 공정이나 하수의 3차 처리공정과 같은 저농도 유기물 조건에서 적용되어왔고 하수나 CSOs와 같이 유기물 농도가 높은 조건에서는 거의 적용이 되지 않았기에 본 연구에서 GAC를 이용한 CSOs 처리는 흥미로운 경험을 제공할 것이다. 본 연구는 유입 유기물 강도에 따른 GAC의 연속 운전 및 파과 특성을 조사하고 사용된 GAC를 전기화학적 재생을 적용하였으며, 이때 전압강도 및 전해액이 종류에 따른 흡착 유기물의 탈착 특성을 조사하였고 재생 후 GAC의 재흡착실험을 통해서 재생효율을 평가하였다. GAC 연속 운전결과 파과기간은 고농도 조건에서 21일, 중농도에서 28일 그리고 저농도에서 32일을 나타내었다. 전기분해를 통한 흡착 유기물의 탈착은 전기 분해 조건에 따라 188~609 mgCOD/L까지 발생하였고 전해액 종류의 영향은 NaOH가 H₂O₂보다 조금 우수한 탈착 특성을 나타냈다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.171-178
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• 2013

본 연구는 CSOs의 처리를 위해 개발된 응집침전시스템의 운전초기에 발생하는 침전슬러지를 응집반응조에 반송하였다. 슬러지 반송을 통해 생성되는 플록의 형성특성 및 침전특성을 분석하고, CSOs 유입초기의 고농도 입자성 물질이 가중응집제로 활용될 수 있는지 그 가능성을 평가하고자 하였다. 그 결과, CSOs는 유입초기 고농도의 오염물질을 포함하며, 특히 20 ${\mu}m$ 이상의 입자성 물질이 다량 유입되었다. 응집침전시스템을 통해 처리된 유출수는 고농도의 오염물질이 유입되는 시기에는 처리수질이 낮아졌으나, 이후 유입오염물질의 농도가 감소되는 시점에서는 처리수질이 증가하는 현상을 보였다. 슬러지반송 운전에서 생성되는 플록은 마이크로샌드를 주입한 플록에 비해 크기는 비슷하고, 침강속도는 55.1 cm/min에서 21.5 cm/min으로 감소하였다. 반송에 사용되는 침전조 하부에 축적된 슬러지의 SVI값은 72로 침강성이 양호하였으며, 침전된 슬러지가 압밀침전으로 인해 부피가 급격히 감소하는데 걸리는 시간은 10분 정도로 분석되었다. 반송슬러지는 인발 0.3%에 반송 0.1%의 조건에서 지속적인 슬러지 발생에 따른 침전과 인발의 균형이 형성되는 것으로 분석되었으며, 이때, 응집반응조의 평균 TS농도는 100~200 mg/L, VS농도는 50~100 mg/L 정도를 유지하도록 슬러지를 반송하는 것이 적절한 것으로 분석되었다. CSOs의 입자성물질을 함유한 슬러지의 반송은 유입수질의 변화에 대응하여 안정적인 처리수의 수질을 확보할 수 있고, 약품주입량의 감소와 함께 슬러지 발생량의 감소효과를 기대할 수 있다.