• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.286-294
• /
• 2010

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome(CRPS) is a chronic neruopathic pain syndrome, most frequently encountered after trauma, nerve injury, fracture, cerebral vascular accident(CVA), spinal injury, and surgery to a limb, and affected by diverse factors such as disease process, intervention method, and other biopsychosocial components. Occupational therapy as a multidisciplinary treatment approach may be potentially useful when simultaneously targeting such biological, psychological, and social components. Biological treatment can focus on increasing functional use of extremity for promoting independence. Psychological intervention can include relaxation/biofeedback training and cognitive-behavioral treatments, and social approach can focus on recreational therapy and vocational rehabilitation. Occupational therapy will encourage functional restoration, pain management, and regaining of psychological components with collaboration between different disciplines.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.158-169
• /
• 2015

Purpose: Frostbite can affect still soldiers. Initial clinical manifestations are similar for superficial and deep frostbite, so early treatment is identical. It is under-estimated by physicians. We try to identify the challenges of managing these complex tissue injuries. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 84 patients hospitalized at AFCH from 2009 to 2015 was conducted. We investigated differences of epidemiological characteristics, identification of soft tissue injury, treatment and complications between superficial (SF: 43; 51.2%) and deep (DF: 41; 48.8%) frostbite. Results: The major (94.0%) developed frostbite in dry circumstances (89.3%). Wet circumstances (66.7%) were more susceptible to DF rather than dry (46.7%). The 38 (45.2%) arrived to specialist within 7days. Most prone sites were feet, followed by hands. Toes had more deep injuries. DF presented more increased levels of ALT, CPK, CKMB, CRP. The bone scan of W+S+ was 48.3%, 87.1% and W+S- was 20.7%, 12.9%, respectively. The treatment resulted in improved or normalized perfusion scan with matching clinical improvement. It was a good tool to assess treatment response. Eighteen normal and 8 stenotic type of PCR resulted in normal with matching clinical improvement. One continuous obstructive waveform led to minor amputation. Twelve underwent both PCR and MRA. Among 6 normal PCR, 5 showed normal and one stenosis in MRA. All 5 stenosis and one obstruction showed the same findings in MRA. It was a good tool to evaluate vascular compromise. They were treated with rapid rewarming (11.6%, 22.0%), hydrotherapy (16.3%, 29.3%), respectively. Six (14.6%) underwent STSG, 2 (4.9%) had digital amputation in DF. Berasil, Ibuprofen, Trental were commonly administered. PGE1 was administered selectively for 6.8, 10.8 days, respectively. Raynaud's syndrome (16.3%), CRPS (4.7%), LOM (14.6%) and toe deformity (4.9%) were specific sequelae. Conclusion: We should recommend intensive foot care education, early rewarming and evacuation to specialized units. The bone scanning and PCR should allow for a more aggressive and active approach to the management of tissue viability.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.240-245
• /
• 2005

Herein is described the successful treatment of complex regional pain syndrome type II with the combination treatment of spinal cord stimulation and radiofrequency thermocoagulation of the lumbar sympathetic ganglion. A 62 years old male patient, suffering from CRPS type II in his left lower extremity, visited our pain clinic. Medication and nerve blockade produced only slight improvement in his symptoms and signs. Therefore, a linear type spinal cord simulator was inserted into the thoracic epidural space, using a non-surgical percutaneous approach, with the cephalad lead located at the T11 level. Two months later, the repositioning of the electrode to the T12 level for more effective pain control, with radiofrequency thermocoagulation of lumbar sympathetic ganglion also performed at the left L2 and 3 levels for the control of trophic change. These resulted in significant pain relief and decreased trophic change, with no complications, after which the patient was able to resume a normal life.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.98-103
• /
• 2001

Neuropathic pain originating from multiple condition of nerve cell injury is common, but is difficult to treat. Even though many drugs such as anti-convulsants, anti-depressants, NSAIDs, opioids have been used, their clinical analgesic action were not satisfactory due to occur severe side effects. Gabapentin was introduced in 1994 as a novel antiepileptic drug and has been used to treat partial seizure. After 1995 gabapentin treatment for reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) started, 45% of the reports about the analgesic efficacy of gabapentin were restricted to the treatments of non-epileptic pain syndrome. This drug is preferred to treat neuropathic pain because of a lower incidence of its side effects than those of other anti-convulsants and anti-depressants. For evaluating it's analgesic efficacy, the changes in the patients' subjective pain intensity was measured by the score on the visual analogue scale (VAS) and patient's objective pain intensity by measuring the skin temperature via infrared thermography were investigated respectively. Side effects of gabapentin were look into. We observed successful relief of neuropathic pain in the three patients which included post-herpetic neuraligia, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and diabetic neuropathic pain, and the side effects of gabapentin were at acceptable levels.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.248-254
• /
• 2013

Recently, contra-rotating propellers (CRP) having higher efficiency draw much attention since the EEDI regulation of IMO has been enforced. In this paper a numerical method based on the vortex lattice potential theory with a wake model and an experimental procedure with a newly built measuring device, specifically focusing on CRPs, are introduced. And they are applied to a series of CRP known to be designed for the purpose of improving EEDI. The numerical and experimental results showed good agreement explaining the characteristics of the CRP properly. The proposed method is believed to be effectively used for various CRP related studies.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.22 no.6
• /
• pp.241-249
• /
• 2005

Objectives : The purpose of this case is to report the improvement after treatment about patient with Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. Methods : We treated the patient with acupuncture therapy and Herbal medication from 12th October 2004 to 20th June 2005 by evaluating shoulder function with VAS score, shoulder joint ROM and mannual muscle test(MMT). Results : After treatment, this patient achieved excellent outcome following the technique, showing that clinical symptom as like pain, swelling, paresthesia, color tone change was almost disappeared, and there was improvement of ROM and MMT Conclusion : Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome (RSDS) also known as Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic neurological syndrome characterized by severe burning pain, pathological changes in bone and skin, excessive sweating, tissue swelling, extreme sensitivity to touch. Oriental medical treatment for Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome resulted in satisfactory results by diminishing the symptoms progressively during the thirty two weeks of treatment. Differential diagnosis was based on careful physical examination. More research of Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome is needed.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.137-148
• /
• 2016

Objectives : This study was performed to review articles concerning acupuncture or moxibustion treatment for Complex Regional Pain Syndromes. Methods : On-line databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Ovid-EMBASE, NDSL and OASIS were searched to find articles concerning acupuncture or moxibustion treatment for Complex Regional Pain Syndromes. Several overlapping articles and those not relevant to the topic were excluded, as well as review articles and commentaries. Results : 16 case reports were selected through the procedure, all of which presented successful treatment cases of Complex Regional Pain Syndromes with acupuncture and moxibustion. Most of them presented one single patient case and were published in Korea. However, almost half of them were printed in English, and had been continuously published since 2005. It was remarkable that pharmacopuncture was predominantly used to treat Complex Regional Pain Syndromes. Also, we noted that Chinese scalp acupuncture needs to be studied further as two successful cases were presented from the U.S army. Conclusion : The results show that several case reports have been published regarding Complex Regional Pain Syndromes treated with acupuncture and moxibustion. However, all of them were case reports which are given low status in Evidence-Based Medicine. We expect that a more diverse range of articles, including case control studies, cohort studies and randomized controlled trials will be performed in the near future, and that a unified outcome measure will be developed for Complex Regional Pain Syndromes.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.152-159
• /
• 2012

Objectives: This study evaluated bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ) in patients diagnosed with malignant bone tumors. Demographic findings, laboratory, and radiographic analyses were performed to characterize disease severity and progression. Materials and Methods: Patients who had been diagnosed with BRONJ (2005-2010) at the authors' hospital according to the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons were investigated. Twenty-one patients (12 with multiple myelomas, 7 with breast cancer, and 2 with prostate cancer) who had been treated with bisphosphonates (BPs) for malignant bone tumors were included. Radiographic evaluations with a panorama, computed tomography, whole body bone scan, and laboratory findings were evaluated for erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), c-reactive proteins (CRPs), and c-terminal cross-linked telopeptides (CTXs). Results: The average age of the patients was 64.3 (range 51-80), and they were treated with BPs for an average of $35{\pm}19$ months before BRONJ was diagnosed. Types of BPs were zolendronic acid (81%, intravenous [IV]), pamidronate (4.8%, IV), zoledronic acid+pamidronate (4.8%, IV), alendronate (4.8%, per os [PO]), and ibadronate (4.75%, PO). Extraction (67%) and persistent irritation of dentures (20%) were the most common triggering factors. BRONJ in the mandible was reported in 62% of the cases, in the maxilla 24%, and both 14%. BRONJ occurred more frequently in patients with multiple myelomas (n=12, 57.1%). Most of the patients revealed an advanced BRONJ stage; Stage I (n=2, 9%), Stage II (n=13, 62%), and Stage III (n=6, 29%). Conclusion: The differences of the ESR, CRP, and CTX values between the BRONJ-recurring and non-recurring patients after the treatment were not evident. Later stage BRONJ patients showed lower CTX levels. A drug holiday after the diagnosis of BRONJ did not remarkably influence the surgical outcomes. However, the limited number of patients in the study should be considered.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.38B no.6
• /
• pp.492-500
• /
• 2013

The One-Time Password(OTP) Generator is used as a multi-factor authentication method to ensure secure transaction during e-Financial transaction in the bank and securities company. The OTP based e-Financial Transaction Verification Protocol ensures secure e-financial transaction through confirming the user's identity using OTP authentication information and counters not only Man-in-the-Browser(MITB) attacks but also memory hacking attacks. However, it is possible to generate correct OTPs due to potential of stealing sensitive information of the OTP generator through intelligent phishing, pharming, social engineering attacks. Therefore, it needs another scheme to prevent from above threats, and this paper proposes advanced scheme using Physical Unclonable Functions(PUFs) to solve these problems. First, it is impossible to generate the same OTP values because of the hysically unclonable features of PUFs. In addition, it is impossible to clone OTP generator with hardware techniques. Consequently, the proposed protocol provides stronger and more robust authentication protocol than existing one by adding PUFs in the OTP generator.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.61 no.5
• /
• pp.160-166
• /
• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to analyse laboratory values according to fever duration, and evaluate the relationship across these values during the acute phase of Kawasaki disease (KD) to aid in the early diagnosis for early-presenting KD and incomplete KD patients. Methods: Clinical and laboratory data of patients with KD (n=615) were evaluated according to duration of fever at presentation, and were compared between patients with and without coronary artery lesions (CALs). For evaluation of the relationships across laboratory indices, patients with a fever duration of 5 days or 6 days were used (n=204). Results: The mean fever duration was $6.6{\pm}2.3days$, and the proportions of patients with CALs was 19.3% (n=114). C-reactive proteins (CRPs) and neutrophil differential values were highest and hemoglobin, albumin, and lymphocyte differential values were lowest in the 6-day group. Patients with CALs had longer total fever duration, higher CRP and neutrophil differential values and lower hemoglobin and albumin values compared to patients without CALs. CRP, albumin, neutrophil differential, and hemoglobin values at the peak inflammation stage of KD showed positive or negative correlations each other. Conclusion: The severity of systemic inflammation in KD was reflected in the laboratory values including CRP, neutrophil differential, albumin, and hemoglobin. Observing changes in these laboratory parameters by repeated examinations prior to the peak of inflammation in acute KD may aid in diagnosis of early-presenting KD patients.