• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.56 no.8
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• pp.1484-1490
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• 2007

The Cross Reference Point(CRP) is a robust method for finding salient points in watermarking systems because it is based on the geometrical structure of a normalized image in order to avoid pointing error caused by digital attacks. After normalization of an image, the 100 CRPs are calculated. Next, the 100 blocks centered by CRPS are formed. These 100 blocks are arranged using a secrete key. Each boundary of 50 out of 100 blocks is surrounded by 8 blocks which are selected by the ordered number of a preceding block. This number is a seed of random number generator for selecting 8 out of 50 blocks. The search area of a center block is formed by a secrete key. The pixels of a center block are quantized to 10 levels by predefined thresholds. The watermarks are generated by the 50 quantized center blocks. These watermarks are embedded directly in the remaining 50 blocks. In other words, 50 out of 100 blocks are utilized to generate watermarks and the remaining 50 blocks are used to watermark embedding. Because the watermarks are generated in the given images, we can successfully detect watermarks after several digital attacks. The reason is that the blocks for the generation and detection of watermarks are equally affected by digital attacks except for the case of local distortion such as cropping.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.295-300
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• 2019

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is rare, characterized by pain from diverse causes, and presents as extreme pain even with minor irritation. General anesthesia may be required for dental treatment because the pain may not be controlled with local anesthesia. However, treatment under general anesthesia is also challenging. A 38-year-old woman with CRPS arrived for outpatient dental treatment under general anesthesia. At the fourth general anesthesia induction, she experienced severe pain resulting from her right toe touching the dental chair. Anesthesia was induced to calm her and continue the treatment. After 55 minutes of general anesthesia, the patient still complained of extreme toe pain. Subsequently, two administrations for intravenous sedation were performed, and discharge was possible in the recovery room approximately 5 h after the pain onset. The pain was not located at the dental treatment site. Although the major factor causing pain relief was unknown, ketamine may have played a role.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Embryo Transfer Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.115-115
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• 2004

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 2010

Background: An independent medical examination (IME) is a critical process for awarding reparation for injury. However, conducting an IME in pain medicine is very difficult, not only because pain is a subjective symptom, but also because there are no proper objective methods to demonstrate it. This study was conducted to compare IME reports and the court decisions on the disability status of the patients. Methods: We analyzed 79 IME reports and 25 corresponding court decisions on the disability status of patients. The diagnoses, causal relationships between the patients' status and the trauma, McBride's degree of disability, the American Medical Association's impairment ratings, the estimated annual cost for future treatment, and the necessity of care-giving were compared and analyzed. Results: The diagnoses in the 79 cases were complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type I (58 cases), CRPS type II (7 cases), peripheral neuropathy (5 cases), myofascial pain syndrome (4 cases), herniated intervertebral disc (2 cases), and fibromyalgia (1 case). The types of accidents were road traffic accidents (50 cases), military injuries (14 cases), industrial accidents (11 cases), and others (4 cases). The IME reports and the court decisions stated considerably different McBride's degrees of disability (P = 0.014). However, there was no significant difference in the estimated cost for future treatment between the IME reports and the court decisions (P = 0.912). Conclusions: IME reports should be accurate, fair, and based on objective findings. Feedback on IMEs from the court decisions is helpful for reference use.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.293-296
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• 2009

Objective : Pain has long been regarded as a subjective symptom. Recently, however, some regard a type of intractable chronic pain as a disease. Furthermore, chronic persistent pain becomes a cause of permanent impairment (PI) In 6th edition, the American Medical Association (AMA) Guides has rated the pain as a PI. In Korea, pain has been already been rated as a PI. Here, we examined the present status and the prospect of disability evaluation for the pain in Korea. Methods : Pain can be rated as a PI by the Workmen's Compensation Insurance Act (WCIA) and Patriots and Veterans Welfare Corporation Act (PVWCA) in Korea. We examined the definition, diagnostic criteria and grades of the pain related disability (PRD) in these two acts. We also examined legal judgments, which were made in 2005 for patients with severe pain. We also compared the acts and the judgments to the criteria of the 6th AMA Guides. Results : The PRD can berated as one of the 4 grades according to the WCIA. The provisions of the law do not limit the pain only for the complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). The PRD can berated as one of the 3 grades by the PVWCA. If there were objective signs such as osteoporosis, joint contracture and muscle atrophy corresponding to the CRPS, the grade is rated as 6. When the pain always interferes with one's job except easy work,the grade is rated as high as 5. In Korea, judicial precedents dealt the pain a sa permanent disability in 2005. Conclusion : Although there were no objective criteria for evaluation of the PRD, pain has been already rated as a PI by the laws or judicial precedents, in Korea. Thus, we should regulate the Korean criteria of PRD like the AMA 6th edition. We also should develop the objective tools for evaluation of the PRD near in future.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.197-201
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• 2006

Background: There are cases in which shoulder pain persists long after shoulder joint surgery and this pain can not be reduced by intravenous patient controlled analgesia (IVPCA). Our purpose was to evaluate the effect of stellate ganglion block (SGB) on postoperative shoulder pain and also to investigate the effect of preventive SBG on complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Methods: Forty patients, who were evaluated to ASA class 1 and 2 and who were scheduled for shoulder joint surgery under general anesthesia, were randomly divided into 2 groups. The experimental group of patients (n = 20) received SGB with 0.5% mepivacaine 8 ml after induction of general anesthesia. The control group of patients (n = 20) received only general anesthesia. Their postoperative pain was assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS) at 30 min, 1, 2, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours postoperatively. Whenever patients wanted supplemental analgesia, diclofenac sodium 75 mg was injected intramuscularly and the need for supplemental analgesia was recorded. Results: The experimental group of patients had significantly lower pain scores at 30 min, 1, 2 and 6 hours and also significantly lower analgesic requirement at 1, 2 and 6 hours. Conclusions: We found SGB was effective for controlling postoperative pain after shoulder joint surgery. Also, we could expect that SGB reduced the incidence of CRPS.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.223-227
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• 2006

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is clinically characterized by pain, abnormal regulation of blood flow and sweating, edema of skin and subcutaneous tissues, sensory and motor disturbances, and trophic changes of the skin. A 21-year-old man was suffering from pain and swelling in his right hand and forearm. His arm had been in splints for 3 weeks following an extension injury of the right fingers and wrist, with the pain having developed 2 weeks after the splinting. He was treated with various nerve blocks including continuous epidural infusion, thoracic sympathetic block and peripheral nerve blocks, and squeezing his edematous region under general anesthesia as well as intravenous lidocaine and ketamine infusions. However, all of the performed treatments had no effect on the patient's pain or hand swelling. As a next line therapy, spinal cord stimulation should be considered because of intractable severe pain and swelling to almost all other modalities of therapy. We therefore performed an early intervention of spinal cord stimulation for the patient with refractory CRPS type I 5 months after the onset of pain and have got an excellent result.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.190-194
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• 2007

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), which is a syndrome that is defined by pain and sudomotor and/or vasomotor instability, is usually resistant to conventional treatment. Here, a case involving a 30-year-old male patient with CRPS type I who showed severe intractable right shoulder pain with allodynia and hyperalgesia despite being treated with oral medications, nerve blocks including thoracic sympathetic neurolysis, and spinal cord stimulation is described. The patient frequently visited the emergency room due to severe uncontrollable breakthrough pain. Although a favorable effect was observed in response to intermittent ketamine infusion therapies that were performed on an outpatient basis, acute exacerbation of pain occurred frequently during the night and could not be controlled. Therefore, subcutaneous ketamine infusion therapy using a patient-controlled analgesic system was attempted and found to effectively control acute exacerbation of pain during 6 weeks of infusion without serious complications.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.148-153
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• 2007

Background: Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is not regarded as an impairment in Korea. Guidelines for rating this impairment are under development by the Korean Academy of Medical Science based on that of the American Medical Association (AMA). However, no studies have been done on the validity of these guidelines in Korea. We therefore evaluated the validity of these guidelines using the criteria from the chapter on the central and peripheral nervous system (CNS-PNS class) and the worksheet for calculating total pain-related impairment score (TPRIS class). Methods: TPRIS and CNS-PNS classes were calculated through interviews of 28 CRPS patients. The correlation between the two classes was calculated. Results: TPRIS class and CNS-PNS class were well correlated (r = 0.593, P < 0.05). Conclusions: Both TPRIS or CNS-PNS classes were well correlated and could be used for evaluation of impairment. However, the CNS-PNS class is simpler and quicker to complete.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1037-1043
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• 2020

This paper presents a new Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) security chip based on a low-cost, small-area, and low-power semiconductor process for IoT devices. The proposed security circuit has multiple challenge-to-response pairs (CRP) by adding the switching circuit to the cross-coupled path between two inverters of the SRAM structure and applying the challenge input. As a result, the proposed structure has multiple CRPs while maintaining the advantages of fast operating speed and small area per bit of the conventional SRAM based PUF security chip. In order to verify the performance, the proposed switched SRAM based PUF security chip with a core area of 0.095㎟ was implemented in a 180nm CMOS process. The measurement results of the implemented PUF show 4096-bit number of CRPs, intra-chip Hamming Distance (HD) of 0, and inter-chip HD of 0.4052.