• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.520-528
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• 2005

Two biological Certified Reference Materials (CRMs), KRISS 108-04-001 (oyster tissue) and 108-05-001 (water dropwort stem), were prepared by Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS)during FY '01. The certified values of these materials had been determined by Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (IDMS) for six elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn). Additional analytical works are now progressing to certify the concentrations of a number of the environmental and nutrimental elements in these CRMs. The certified values in a CRM are usually determined by using a single primary method with confirmation by other method(s) or using two independent critically-evaluated methods. Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) plays an important role in the determination of certified values as it can eliminate the possibility of common error sources resulting from sample dissolution. In this study INAA procedure was used in determination of 23 elements in these two biological CRMs to acquire the concentration information and the results were compared with KRISS certified values.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.423-432
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• 2018

Surface water mapping has been widely used in various remote sensing applications. Water indices have been commonly used to distinguish water bodies from land; however, determining the optimal threshold and discriminating water bodies from similar objects such as shadows and snow is difficult. Deep learning algorithms have greatly advanced image segmentation and classification. In particular, FCN (Fully Convolutional Network) is state-of-the-art in per-pixel image segmentation and are used in most benchmarks such as PASCAL VOC2012 and Microsoft COCO (Common Objects in Context). However, these data sets are designed for daily scenarios and a few studies have conducted on applications of FCN using large scale remotely sensed data set. This paper aims to fine-tune the pre-trained FCN network using the CRMS (Coastwide Reference Monitoring System) data set for surface water mapping. The CRMS provides color infrared aerial photos and ground truth maps for the monitoring and restoration of wetlands in Louisiana, USA. To effectively learn the characteristics of surface water, we used pre-trained the DeepWaterMap network, which classifies water, land, snow, ice, clouds, and shadows using Landsat satellite images. Furthermore, the DeepWaterMap network was fine-tuned for the CRMS data set using two classes: water and land. The fine-tuned network finally classifies surface water without any additional learning process. The experimental results show that the proposed method enables high-quality surface mapping from CRMS data set and show the suitability of pre-trained FCN networks using remote sensing data for surface water mapping.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.323-329
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• 2011

Certified reference materials (CRMs) have been used to calibrate surface profilers for reliable measurements. In this paper, we present a newly designed step height CRM which has a step height pattern with two different widths and various special patterns for checking radial magnification, distortion of optical viewing systems, etc. Especially, it could be useful for multi-probe inspection instruments in the manufacturing lines. The fabrication was done by conventional optical lithography and dry etching process with optimized conditions. To verify the step height values, a white-light scanning interferometer was used with objective lenses having magnification of $10{\times}$ and $100{\times}$. CRMs with nominal step heights of $0.5\;{\mu}m$, $1\;{\mu}m$, $3\;{\mu}m$, $5\;{\mu}m$, $7\;{\mu}m$, and $10\;{\mu}m$ were fabricated and the uniformity of these CRMs was evaluated to be less than 3 nm ($1{\sigma}$).

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.8 no.3B
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• pp.276-282
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• 1999

For the quantitative surface analysis of multicomponent materials, algorithms for the compensation of the matrix effect and surface compositional change by ion beam sputtering must be established and reference materials having certified compositions are necessary. These certified reference material (CRM)s are needed for the improvement of instrument performance, inter-laboratory comparison and quantitative surface analysis. Surface analysis group of KRISS developed alloy thin film CRMs by and ion beam sputter deposition system and in-situ surface analysis system to control the composition of alloy thin films The real compositions of the CRMs were certified by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.137-144
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) factors in the Supply Chain Management (SCM) context focusing on ashion apparel company. Especially, this study reveals whether a long term relationship is beneficial for all businesses regardless of negotiation power leverage. To this end, the mixed research methods that combined qualitative and quantitative approaches were conducted. The findings of this study are as follows: First, the research model which is CRMs for interactive relationship building were developed. Second, cause-and-effect relationships in the proposed model were partially supported depending on CRMs. The most effective CRMs offered are a guarantee of sales and a special discount. Customized products and quality, convenience, competitive pricing, and development of a product/system/service were effective to ultimately increase a switching cost.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.68-75
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• 2020

We have developed 10 μmol/mol nitrogen and oxygen certified reference materials (CRMs) in helium, as a SI-traceable gas standard for a quantifying of impurities in pure gases for the first time in Korea. The standard gas mixtures of nitrogen and oxygen were prepared in 5000 μmol/mol and sequentially were diluted to 250 μmol/mol and 10 μmol/mol according to the gravimetric preparation. In each dilution step, two cylinders of CRMs were prepared. The verification of internal consistency among the prepared gas mixtures was performed by using GC-TCD. The amount fractions and those expanded uncertainties (k = 2) of nitrogen and oxygen in the standard gas mixtures were (10.12 ± 0.08) μmol/mol and (10.18 ± 0.08) μmol/mol for nitrogen, and (9.88 ± 0.06) μmol/mol and (9.94 ± 0.06) μmol/mol for oxygen, respectively. We have conducted a purity assessment of two commercial helium gases using developed CRMs. As the results of the purity assessment, nitrogen and oxygen were detected by (1.66 ± 0.03) μmol/mol and (0.31 ± 0.02) μmol/mol, respectively, as the impurities in one of the pure helium.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.22-28
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• 2017

The accuracy of analytical results in response to the use of different additives ($NH_4Cl$, KCl, $LaCl_3$) and oxidant gases was evaluated and compared by using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Identification of spectroscopic interferences and possible improvements in Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) analysis were also discussed. The average accuracies of total chromium using Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) were found to be 72.1~94.2% in air/acetylene flame condition by AAS, and they were improved to 100.5~110.5% when the oxidants was changed to nitrous oxide rather than adding the additives. The field samples showed similar trends to CRMs, but chromium concentrations were highly variable depending on analytical conditions. The average accuracies using CRMs were estimated to be 89.3~166.1% by ICP-AES, and improved to below 121.7% after eliminating iron interference. Field samples with low chromium and high iron concentration were measured to be > 30% lower in total chromium concentrations by ICP-AES than AAS in nitrous oxide/acetylene flame. Total chromium concentrations in soil could be analyzed with better accuracy under nitrous oxide/acetylene flame by AAS because it was more effective to increase the temperature of the flame than to eliminate the chemical interference for maximizing atomization of chromium. When using ICP-AES, interference substances, total chromium levels, and analytical conditions should be also considered.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.426-446
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to analyze undergraduate students' reasoning for solving a problem about a rock and investigate the roles and importance of critical evidence (CE) and critical resource models (CRMs) in abductive reasoning. Participants were 20 senior undergraduate students enrolled in a science major course in a university of education. They were asked to abductively infer geologic processes of sedimentary rocks having a lot of holes and represent them with models. Their reasoning were analyzed according to a scheme for modeling-based abductive reasoning. As a result, successful student reasoning was characterized by using a diversity of grains and lots of holes as CE, activating the sedimentary rock formation and weathering as CRMs, and combining the CRMs into a scientifically sound explanatory model (SSEM). By contrast, in the reasoning unsuccessful in proposing a SSEM, students activated the igneous rock (basalt) formation and deposition as resource models (RMs) based on the evidence of the holes in the rocks and diverse grains, respectively, and used the RMs to construct their own explanatory models (EMs). It was suggested that to construct SSEMs to solve earth scientific problems about rocks, students need to know what could be CE in a particular problem situation, take an integrative or systemic approach to a rock problem, use multiple RMs, and evaluate RMs or EMs in light of evidence.

• Proceedings of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.61-67
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• 2019

Recently, the central government organizations have changed their Business Management System to the cloud-based On-nara Document 2.0. According to this, the National Archives of Korea is spreading a cloud-based records management system. With the development of digital technology, including cloud computing, preservation and utilization of records must be redesigned continuously to be effective and efficient. It is needed that the process and method of the electronic records management will change from simple digitization of paper-based recording to digital technology. This article offers opinions related to the logical transfer, storage and redundancy elimination of digital objects, machine-readable format, big-data analysis, templates of official documents, and authenticity authentication system based on universally unique identifiers (UUID) and hash value.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.409-416
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• 2015

ICP-AES has been used in many laboratories due to the advantages of wide calibration range and multi-element analysis, but it may give erroneous results and suffer from spectral interference due to the large number of emission lines associated with each element. In this study, certified reference materials (CRMs) and field samples were analyzed by ICP-AES and HG-AAS according to the official Korean testing method for soil pollution to investigate analytical problems. The applicability of HG-ICP-AES was also tested as an alternative method. HG-AAS showed good accuracies (90.8~106.3%) in all CRMs, while ICP-AES deviated from the desired range in CRMs with low arsenic and high Fe/Al. The accuracy in CRM030 was estimated as below 39% at the wavelength of 193.696 nm by ICP-AES. Significant partial overlaps and sloping background interferences were observed near to 193.696 nm with the presence of 50 mg/L Fe and Al. Most CRMs were quantified with few or no interferences of Fe and Al at 188.980 nm. ICP-AES properly assessed low and high level arsenic for field samples, at 188.980 nm and 193.696 nm, respectively. The importance of the choice of measurement wavelengths corresponding to relative arsenic level should be noted. Because interferences were affected by the sample matrix, operation conditions and instrument figures, the analysts were required to consider spectral interferences and compare the analytical performance of the recommended wavelengths. HG-ICP-AES was evaluated as a suitable alternative method for ICP-AES due to improvement of the detection limit, wide calibration ranges, and reduced spectral interferences by HG.