• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.145-158
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• 2016

This paper introduces a risk graph which is one method for determining the SIL as a measure of the effectiveness of signaling system. The purpose of this research is to make up for the weakness of the qualitative determination, which has input value ambiguity and a boundary problem in the SIL range. The fuzzy input valuable consists of consequence, exposure, avoidance and demand rate. The fuzzy inference produces forty eight fuzzy rule by adapting the calibrated risk graph in the IEC 61511. The Max-min composition is utilized for the fuzzy inference. The result of the fuzzy inference is the fuzzy value. Therefore, using the de-fuzzification method, the result should be converted to a crisp value that can be utilized for real projects. Ultimately, the safety requirement for hazard is identified by proposing a SIL result with a tolerable hazard rate. For the validation the results of the proposed method, the fuzzy risk graph model is compared with the safety analysis of the signaling system in CENELEC SC 9XA WG A10 report.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.354-357
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• 2009

"Wonkyo Na-heukseong 2" was selected from a cross between "Kiyomaro", late season European cultivar with highly resistance and "Mansoo", late season Asian cultivar with long storability, large size and low susceptibility to pear scab made in 1997 at the National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science of Rural Development Administration in Korea. "Kiyomaro", released cross between "Taiheiyo" and "Bartlett" with scab resistance caused by Venturia nashicola in Japan, with no visual symptoms on any leaves was used as scab resistant source after field investigation and artificial inoculation test during 1997~1999. "Wonkyo Na-heukseong 2" blooms 1 day earlier than "Mansoo" and 3 days later than "Kiyomaro" in 2008. It is strong in tree vigor and upright-spreading in tree habit. It is classified as highly resistant to pear scab as "Kiyomaro" and "Bartlett", and cross-compatible with parental variety and Korean major pear varieties such as "Niitaka" and "Wonwhang". The average optimum harvest time of "Wonkyo Na-heukseong 2" was approximately 180 days after full bloom and it matured about 20 days shorter than parental varieties. The fruit is spindle in shape and yellowish greenish brown in skin color. Average fruit weight was 484 g and soluble solids content was $13.2^{\circ}Brix$. The flesh had medium to high juice and negligible grit. Its fruit was crisp like Asian pear.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.219-226
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• 2010

Recently most parking control systems provide customers with various services, but most of the services are just the extension of parking spaces, automatic parking control system and so on. It is essential to use the satisfaction degree as the extent that customer are satisfied with parking control system to improve the quality of the system services and diversify the system services. The degree of satisfaction is different from customer to customer in same condition and can be represented as linguistic variables. In this paper, we present therefore a technique that quantify how much customer are satisfied with parking control system and fuzzy inference system architecture as a solution that can help us to make a efficient decision for these parking problems. In this architecture, inference engine using fuzzy logic compares context data with the rules in the fuzzy rule-based system, gets the sub-results, aggregates them and defuzzifies the aggregated result using MATLAB application programming to obtain crisp value. Fuzzy inference system architecture presented in this paper, can be used as a efficient method to analyze the satisfaction degree which is represented as fuzzy linguistic variables by human emotion. And it can be used to improve the satisfaction degree of not only parking system but also other service systems of various domains.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.228-237
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• 2021

In those day, the Busan local government had instituted a rule to support and enhance competition as well as improve respect for the ship management industry. This study aims to extract the cause factors to enhance such competition using intuitionistic decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) and interpretive structural modeling (ISM) methods. First, eight factors were extracted from the specifications in the Ship Management Industry Development Act. Second, the intuitionistic fuzzy number was converted to a crisp number using the standard fuzzy number. Third, the influence relationship was analyzed using DEMATEL, and the priority ranks for the factors are determined using ISM. From the results of the impact relationship analysis, the three main cause factors were determined as improvement of technical ship management capability, improvement of expertise of manpower for onshore management, and improvement of the quality of the Korean seafarer. The priorities under the ISM method, in descending order, were as follows: improvement of the quality of Korean seafarers, improvement of professionalism among the manpower for shore management, improvement of technical ship management capability, improvement of commercial ship management capability, establishment of a comprehensive information system, improvement of the working conditions and employment environment for seafarers, financial support such as overseas orders, and strengthening the availability of foreign seafarers. Therefore, it is necessary to prioritize policy promotion based on these factors, especially the top three, as these have the highest impact.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.203-222
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• 2016

Previous research has demonstrated that imagined contact is useful to reducing prejudice against minorities (e.g. Turner & Crisp, 2010). In this research, we investigated whether imagined contact increases attraction to physically unattractive women, and whether this effect is moderated by perceiver's physical attractiveness and appearance orientation in romantic relationships. Single male participants (n = 98) responded to items assessing their physical attractiveness and appearance orientation, and then were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions. In the imagined contact condition, participants were told to imagine communicating with a physically unattractive woman and come up with some interesting things about her. In the control condition, participants were told to simply imagine a physically unattractive woman. Next, participants saw a picture of a physically unattractive woman and rated her likeability, perceived attractiveness, and willingness to ask her out, which were averaged to form the composite measure of attraction. We found a significant main effect of imagined contact, as expected. This main effect was moderated by appearance orientation, but not by perceivers' physical attractiveness. The effect of imagined contact was significant among those low in appearance orientation, but not among those high in appearance orientation.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2021.04a
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• pp.27-27
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• 2021

Yacon [Samallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. & Endl.) H. Robinson], a member of Compositae plants, has sweet taste and crisp texture. Unlike other Andean root crops such as potato and sweet potato, the cultivation area of yacon has increased recently, since it is known to have large content of fructooligosaccharides (FOS). Since there are no yacon varieties bred in Korea, we have been trying to create new genetic resources using gamma-ray. The optimal gamma-ray dosage for mutation breeding in yacon was investigated. Crown bud and green bud of yacon were exposed to doses of gamma rays from 20 Gy to 80 Gy, and subsequently planted in a greenhouse. After 50 days of sowing, the survival rates and growth decreased rapidly at doses above 40 Gy, while all of crown bud individuals died above 60 Gy. The median lethal dose (LD50) of crown bud and green bud was 22.4 and 36.6 Gy, and the median reduction doses (RD50) for plant height, fresh weights, and tuberous root weight were 20-40 Gy, respectively. A dose of 20-40 Gy was found to be optimal for mutation breeding in yacon. Considering the growth factors, the optimum doses were determined to be within the range of 20-40 Gy for the selection of useful mutant lines. M2-M3 mutant lines were obtained from 20-60 Gy gamma-ray-irradiated M1 plants through clonal propagation. These mutant lines will be used for the development of a new variety of yacon plant with high FOS and no crack tuberous root.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 2000

In existing models in optimization, the crisp data improve has been used in the objective or constraints to derive the optimal solution, Besides, the subjective environments are eliminated because the complex and uncertain circumstances were regarded as Probable ambiguity, In other words those optimal solutions in the existing models could be the complete satisfactory solutions to the objective functions in the Process of application for industrial engineering methods to minimize risks of decision-making. As a result of those, decision-makers in location Problems couldn't face appropriately with the variation of demand as well as other variables and couldn't Provide the chance of wide selection because of the insufficient information. So under the circumstance. it has been to develop the model for the location and size decision problems of logistics facility in the use of the fuzzy theory in the intention of making the most reasonable decision in the Point of subjective view under ambiguous circumstances, in the foundation of the existing decision-making problems which must satisfy the constraints to optimize the objective function in strictly given conditions in this study. Introducing the Process used in this study after the establishment of a general mixed integer Programming(MIP) model based upon the result of existing studies to decide the location and size simultaneously, a fuzzy mixed integer Programming(FMIP) model has been developed in the use of fuzzy theory. And the general linear Programming software, LINDO 6.01 has been used to simulate, to evaluate the developed model with the examples and to judge of the appropriateness and adaptability of the model(FMIP) in the real world.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.700-708
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• 2012

In order to optimize a method to determine the firmness of Chinese cabbage, hardness of midrib tissues was examined based on their chronological order of emergence. Texture measurement using volodkevich bite jaws gave a consistent and highest regression ($r^2=0.85$) between firmness and the order of leaf emergence, while blade set, cylinder probe, and crisp fracture support rig showed a lower coefficient of determination. Thickness of midrib tissue within an individual head from 16 cultivars of Chinese cabbage was positively correlated with the order of emergence, becoming thinner toward inner leaves. Mean thickness of midrib tissue from the head ranged from 7.74 mm for 'CR-shingshing' and 9.28 mm for 'Norangyeorum'. The covariance of leaf thickness within a head was highly cultivar-dependent, ranging from 23.6% for 'Chihili' and 5.8% for 'Bulam'. Firmness of the midrib tissue, defined as maximum peak height per tissue thickness, became higher from outer to inner leaves, showing $2^{nd}$ order of regression. Mean firmness of the midrib tissue from individual head varied from 1.58 N for 'Rangno' to 3.46 N for 'CR-shingshing'. The $10^{th}$ or $11^{th}$ leaf brought the best correlation coefficient (r = 0.81) between firmness of an individual leaf and the mean firmness of the entire leaves in a head, suggesting a reliable and rapid method to estimate the firmness of a head in lieu of examining all leaves in the head. The relationship between firmness of midrib tissue and dry mass ($r=0.70^{**}$) as well as cell wall content ($r=0.58^*$) of the head were positively correlated. Results obtained from the present study suggested that a new method to determine midrib firmness would enable to clarify the relationship between textural quality of fresh Chinese cabbage and their processed product, 'Kimchi'. It will also be important to apply this method to screen textural quality of various genotypes under breeding programs.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.283-290
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• 1982

Sardine and mackerel so called dark muscled fish have been underutilized due to the disadvantages in bloody meat color, high content of fat, and postmortem instability of protein. Recent efforts were made to overcome these defects and develope new types of product such as texturized protein concentrates and dark muscle eliminated minced fish. Approach of this study is based on the rapid dehydration of foamed fish-starch paste by dielectric heating. In process comminuted sardine meat was washed more than three times by soaking and decanting in chilled water and finally centrifuged. The meat was ground in a stone mortar added Ivith adequate amounts of salt, foaming agent, and other ingredients for aid to elasticity and foam stability. The ground meat paste was extruded in finger shape and heated in a microwave oven to give foamed, expanded, and porous solid structure by dehydration. Dielectric onstant $(\varepsilon')$ and dielect.ic loss $(\varepsilon")$ values of sardine meat paste were influenced by wavelength and moisture level. Those values at 100 KHz and 15 MHz were ranged 2.25-9.86; 2.22-4,18 for E' and 0.24-19.24; 0.16-1.20 for E", respectively, at the moisture levels of $4.2-13.8\%$. For a formula for fish-starch paste preparation, addition of $20-30\%$ starch (potato starch) to the weight of fish meat, $2-4\%$ salt, and $5-10\%$ soybean protein was adequate to yield 4-5 folds of expansion in volume when heated. Addition of e99 yolk was of benefit to micronize foam size and better crispness. In order to provide better foaming and dehydration, addition of $0.2-0.5\%$sodium bicarbonate, foaming agent, was proper to result in foam size of 0.5-0.7 mm and foam density of $200-400\;/cm^2$ which gave a good crispness. Heating time was depended upon the moisture level of fish-starch paste. For a finger shaped paste (1.0cm. $D\times10cm.L$) heating for 150-200 sec. in a microwave oven (700W. 2.45GHz) was sufficient to generate foams, expand, and solidify the porous structure of fish-starch paste. When the moisture content was above $55\%$ browning and scorching was deepened due to over-expansion and over-heating whereas the crispness was hardened by insufficient expansion at lower moisture content. In quality evaluation of the product, chemical composition of $30\%$ starch and $3\%$ salt added product was moisture $8.8\%$, lipid $2.4\%$, carbohydrate $46.7\%$, protein $36.1\%$, and ash $6.0\%$. Eleven membered panel test evaluated that fish-starch paste was acceptable in color, crisp-ness, taste, except a trace of fishy odour which could be masked by the addition of spice extracts.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.245-252
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• 2018

Yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus) is a subtropical plant belonging to the Fabaceae family, and is a tuberous vegetable used as various food material with a crisp and juicy taste. This study was conducted to seek optimum sowing time of yam bean in Korea. For this, we surveyed germination properties by the different temperatures and compared the accumulation temperature (AT) and dry matter production (DMP) on growth stages of yam bean by the different sowing times. Two types of varieties cultivated mainly in Korea, Thailand local variety (TLV) and Cheongunmanma cultivar (CGMM), was used. The germination rate of yam bean was 86.0~94.0% at above $18^{\circ}C$, and germination days was longer at lower temperature. The times for flowering and tuber formation of CGMM were later than those of TLV, and the AT required for flowering, tuber formation and hypertrophy of CGMM were higher than those of TLV by $293^{\circ}C$, $280^{\circ}C$ and $108^{\circ}C$, respectively. Also, DMP of shoot and tuber in CGMM were greater than those in TLV. In sowing at April 25, tuber formation was slower than sowing after that time, and harvest index (HI) was relatively low due to delayed formation and hypertrophy of tuber. In sowing after June 9, DMP of shoot was relatively greater in early growth, but tuber was not sufficient to enlarge due to lack of growth days by cold and frost in late October. In sowing May 10 and 25, DMP of tuber and HI were the highest, because the change of day length and temperature gave an advantage to vegetable growth and tuber development. All above suggest that it was suitable to sow seeds on May for increment of tuber productivity in Korea.