• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.244-249
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• 2004

Background: Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH), an important regulator of stress response, has a potent immunoregulatory effect with the ability to promote the growth of various cancer through CRH receptor type 1 under stress. Although the metastasized cancers through cell migration are more aggressive than the primary cancers, little is known about the effect of CRH on cell migration. Gastric cancer is prone to metastasize to other tissues and it is reported that gastric cancer is response to various stresses such as oxidative stress. Herein, we studied the relationship between CRH and gastric cancer cell migration. Methods: We used gastric cancer cell line, MKN-28 and tested the CRH receptor type 1 expression on MKN-28 by RT-PCR. To examine the change in the ability of migration by CRH in MKN-28, cells were incubated with CRH and then migration ability was measured using a cell migration assay. Results: We confirmed that CRH receptor type 1 was expressed in MKN-28 and HaCaT cells. The migration ability of MKN-28 cells was increased by CRH in a time-, dose- dependent manner. Conclusion: These data suggest that CRH increases migration ability in gastric cancer cell line and that CRH may be a critical regulator in the metastasis of gastric cancer cell.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.179-185
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• 2007

Purpose : Catecholamines are the neuro-transmitters in the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and are activated by stress stimulus. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and Dopamine-${\beta}$-Hydroxylase (DBH) are very important enzymes in the catecholamine synthesis. Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) is released in the process of reacting to stresses. The aim of this study is to find out what effects immobilization stresses have on the expression of TH, BDH and CRH mRNA in a rat's brains. Methods : We compare expression levels in rat's brains of TH, DBH and CRH mRNA induced by immobilization stresses between the test group and controled group. The expression levels of TH, DBH and CRH mRNA are measured by RT-PCR and the Western Blotting Analysis (WBA). Results : In brains and adrenal glands of the immobilization stress group, the expression levels of TH and DBH mRNAs are significantly two to three times higher (P<0.01), and CRH mRNAs are approximately one and a half times higher (P<0.05) than those of controlled group. Conclusion : This study suggest that the expression levels of TH, DBH and CRH mRNAs are activated by stress stimulus in a rat's brains and adrenal glands.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.247-251
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• 2005

Background: Natural killer (NK) cells are CD3 (-) CD14 (-) CD56 (+) lymphocytes. They play an important role in the body's innate immune response. They can induce spontaneous killing of cancer cells or virus-infected cells via the Fas/Fas ligand or the granzyme/perforin systems. The corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is an important regulator for the body's stress response. It promotes proliferation and migration of various cancer cells through the CRH type 1 receptor under stress, and also inhibits NK or T cell activity. However, the relationship of CRH and NK cell migration to the target has not been confirmed. Herein, we study the effect of CRH on NK cell migration. Methods: We used the human NK cell line, NK-92MI, and tested the expression of CRH receptor type 1 on NK-92MI by RT-PCR. This was to examine the effect of CRH on tumor and NK cell migration, thus NK cells (NK-92MI) were incubated with or without CRH and then each CRH treated cell's migration ability compared to that of the CRH untreated group. Results: We confirmed that CRH receptor type 1 is expressed in NK-92MI. CRH can decrease NK cell migration in a time-/dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: These data suggest CRH can inhibit NK cell migration to target cells.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 2014

The present study was conducted to provide basic data for environmentally friendly treatment of manure using vermicomposting. This was done by investigating the influence of physiochemical property change during the composting period on the survival of earthworms after mixing cow manure in different levels (0(CRH0), 10(CRH10), 20(CRH20), 30(CRH30), and 40%(CRH40)) with the rice hull that is generally added for composting manure. As composting proceeds, earthworms were able to survive in all conditions after 3 weeks. In terms of the C/N ratio by treatment groups, the rice hull mix treatments were significantly higher than the CRH0 treatment. Among rice hull mix treatments, the treatments with 30~40% rice hull level (CRH30 & CRH40) showed the highest ratio out of all composting periods (p<0.05). The C/N ratio in the 3rdweek when earthworms started surviving was 23.26~34.44. As composting progressed, pH and electrolytic conductivity (EC) were the highest in the CRH0 treatment (p<0.05) and tended to decrease with higher proportion of rice hull in the mix. It was found that pH and electrolytic conductivity (EC) that earthworms start to survive are 7.58~7.74 and 0.41~1.17 mS/cm, respectively. To summarize, when composing cow manure with various levels of rice hull mix, all physiochemical property changes turned out to allow the survival of earthworms, but the results suggest that efficient vermicomposting requires the tests to examine the growth and reproduction according to the rice hull mix ratio.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.60-64
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• 2004

Background: Microglial cells, major immune effector cells in the central nervous system, become activated in neurodegenerative disorders. Activated microglial cells produce proinflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ and interleukin-$1{\beta}$(IL-$1{\beta}$). These proinflammatory mediators have been shown to be significantly increased in the neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzhimer's disease and Pakinson's disease. It was known that one of the neurodegeneration source is stress and it is important to elucidate mechanisms of the stress response for understanding the stress-related disorders and developing improved treatments. Because one of the neuropeptide which plays a main role in regulating the stress response is corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), we analyzed the regulation of NO release by CRH in BV2 murine microglial cell as macrophage in the brain. Methods: First, we tested the CRH receptor expression in the mRNA levels by RT-PCR. To test the regulation of NO release by CRH, cells were treated with CRH and then NO release was measured by Griess reagent assay. Results: Our study demonstrated that CRH receptor 1 was expressed in BV2 murine microglial cells and CRH treatment enhanced NO production. Furthermore, additive effects of lipopolysaccaride (LPS) and CRH were confirmed in NO production time dependantly. Conclusion: Taken together, these data indicated that CRH is an important mediator to regulate NO release on microglial cells in the brain during stress.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.157-164
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• 2014

Objective of this research was to develop root media containing expanded rice hull (ERH) and carbonized rice hull (CRH). To achieve this, the physico chemical properties of two materials were analysed and blended with peatmoss (PM) or coir dust (CD) with various ratio. Based on the physical properties of the blended materials, 4 root media were selected for future experiment. After the analysis of pH and EC of the selected root media, the kinds and amount of pre-planting nutrient charge fertilizers (PNCF) incorporated into each root medium were varied, and then, final chemical properties of the root media were analysed. The total porosity (TP), container capacity (CC), and air-filled porosity (AFP) were 81.3%. 39.9%, and 41.4% in ERH and 77.6%, 64.1%, and 13.5% in CRH, respectively. The percentage of easily available water (EAW, from CC to 4.90 kPa tension) and buffering water (BW, 4.91-9.81 kPa tension) were 11.37% and 5.27%, in ERH and 17.26% and 14.28% in CRH, respectively. The pH of ERH was 7.1, but it was extremely high in CRH such as 11.2. The EC and CEC were $1.31dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and $12.1meq{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ in ERH and $6.53dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and CEC 7.79 $meq{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ in CRH, respectively. The ranges of TP, CC and AFP in 4 selected media (PM + ERH, 6:4, v/v; CD + ERH, 8:2; PM + CRH, 7:3; CD+CRH 6:4) were 89.2-90.3%, 67.3-81.8%, and 8.3-21.9%, respectively. The pHs and ECs in root media containing peatmoss such as PM + ERH (6:4) and PM + CRH (7:3) were 4.0-4.3 and $0.33-0.365dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, whereas those of CD + CRH were 7.4-7.9 and $1.282dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. The pHs and ECs, however, analysed before and after the incorporation of PNCF in each root medium were not significant different. This result indicated that the incorporated fertilizers in PNCF to adjust medium pH did not dissolve enough to influence medium pH, but it is very normal in root media containing dolomitic lime and sulfur powder in adjusting pH. The Information obtained in this study may facilitate an effective formulation of root media containing rice hulls.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.66-76
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• 2019

Recently, natural disasters such as floods and droughts are frequently occurred due to climate change and the damage is also increasing. Wetland is known to play an important role in reducing and minimizing the damage. In particular, water level variability needs to be analyzed in order to understand the various functions of wetland as well as the reduction of damage caused by natural disaster. Therefore, in this study, we fitted water level series of Upo wetland in Changnyeong, Gyeongnam province to a proper time series model and residual test was performed to confirm the appropriateness of the model. In other words, ARIMA model was constructed and its residual tests were performed using existing nonparametric statistics, BDS statistic, and Close Returns Histogram(CRH). The results of residual tests were compared and especially, we showed the applicability of CRH to analyze the residuals of time series model. As a result, CRH produced not only accurate randomness test result, but also produced result in a simple calculation process compared to the other methods. Therefore, we have shown that CRH and BDS statistic can be effective tools for analyzing residual in time series model.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.181-193
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• 2016

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of carbonized rice hull (CRH) application on soil carbon storage and $N_2O$ emissions from upland soil. It was used at different rates of 0, 5, 10 and $20Mg\;ha^{-1}$. During the Chinese cabbage cultivation, several soil chemical characteristics such as soil moisture, temperature and soil carbon were observed. Also, $CO_2$ and $N_2O$ emissions were monitored. Soil organic matter contents slightly increased with carbonized rice hull applied in all the treatments. The soil carbon contents with application rate of 0, 5, 10 and $20Mg\;ha^{-1}$ were 0, 1.3, 1.2 and $2.6g\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. It was observed that soil carbon content was higher with increasing CRH application rate. Total nitrogen contents of soil applied with CRH relatively decreased with the course of time. However, $NO_3$-N contents in the soil with CRH application rate of 5, 10 and $20Mg\;ha^{-1}$ were 28.6, 25.7 and $21.5mg\;kg^{-1}$ at the end of experiment, respectively. $CO_2$ emission at the $5Mg\;ha^{-1}$ application of CRH was higher about 18.9% than non-treatment, whereas those of $10Mg\;ha^{-1}$ and $20Mg\;ha^{-1}$ treatment were lower 14.4% and 11.8% compared to non-treatment, respectively. Also, it was shown that $N_2O$ emission reduced by 19.9, 28.3 and 54.0% when CRH was applied at 5, 10 and $5Mg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.272-278
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• 1997

Many investigators are trying to elucidate the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders on the basis of neuroendocrine responses to stimulation or perturbation. Dexamethasone(DEX) suppression has been the most widely utilized as the prototypical challenge test. Dexamethasone suppression test(DST) has proven to be valuable in diagnosing the depressive spectrum disorder. Reported specificity of diagnosis of depression is relatively high, but sensitivity is limited. Some researchers used the combination of dexamethasone and corticotropin releasing hormone(CRH) in order to improve the sensitivity. They reported that combined DEX/CRH test is more sensitive than DST alone. In this study the authors modified the DEX/CRH test, i.e., we administered the insulin instead of CRH. Total subjects were 28(7 normal controls, 10 manic patients, 11 schizophrenic patients). Subjects were taken DEX(1.5mg p.o.) at 11 p.m., insulin 16 hours later(0.1 unit/kg i.v.). Five blood samples for the determination of cortisol and ACTH were serially drawn at 15 minute interval. The results are as followings : 1) The cortisol and ACTH levels of manic subjects increased following insulin administration. Manic subjects showed higher levels of cortisol and ACTH than schizophrenic and normal control subjects. The cortisol and ACTH levels of schizophrenic and normal control subjects did not show gross changes. 2) The sensitivity of the test was lower than that of reported DEX/CRH test.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.658-667
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• 2015

This research was conducted to investigate the influence of various levels of fused superphosphate as pre-planting fertilizer on the growth of red-leaf lettuce and changes in the chemical properties of the soil solution in three root media, namely coir-dust plus expanded rice hull (8:2, v/v; CD+ERH), carbonized rice hull (6:4; CD+CRH), or ground and aged pine bark (8:2; CD+GAPB). The amounts of fused superphosphate (FSP) incorporated into the three root media during formulation were controlled from 0 to $6.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in $1.5g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ increments. The root media containing fertilizers were packed into 300 mL plastic pots and seedlings of red-leaf lettuce at the 3rd leaf stage were transplanted. After transplanting, the crops were fed with a solution of neutral fertilizer ($100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$). The growth of red-leaf lettuce was investigated 5 weeks after transplanting and soil solutions were extracted and analyzed every week for pH, EC, and concentrations of macro-nutrients. The elevation of application rates of FSP in the three root media resulted in better growth, and the crops grown in CD+ERH and CD+GRPB had greater fresh and dry weights than those in CD+CRH when compared among the treatments of equal amounts of FSP. The pH and $PO_4{^{-3}}$ concentrations in the soil solution of CD+CRH at 3 weeks after transplant were in the ranges of 4.0 to 4.8 and 20 to $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$, respectively. These were lower pH and higher $PO_4{^{-3}}$ concentrations than those in CD+ERH and CD+GAPB. The $K^+$ concentrations were higher in CD+CRH than those in the other two root media, and the elevation of FSP application rates resulted in higher $Ca^{+2}$, $Mg^{+2}$ and $SO_4{^{-2}}$ concentrations in soil solution of the three root media. The $NO_3$-N concentrations in soil solution rose continuously during crop cultivation, implying that the leaching percentage was elevated. The soil solution EC varied, showing the same tendencies as the $NO_3$-N concentrations. The above results indicated that the CD+ERH and CD+GRPB media performed better than CD+CRH, and optimum application rates of FSP in the three root media were 4.5 to $6.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ for pot cultivation of red-leaf lettuce.