• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.104-111
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the contents of preservatives in cosmetic lotions and creams. The 55 kinds of creams and the 45 kinds of lotions were tested, and the 6 kinds of preservatives such as sorbic acid (SA), benzoic acid (BA), methlparaben(MP), ethylparaben(EP), propylparaben(PP) and butylparaben(BP) were determined for domestic and foreign cosmetics by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). The recovery rates of methanol extraction and distillation method were respectively the range of 84.82 - 99.62% and 17.47 - 79.91% for the spiking concentration of 1.2% in the cosmetic lotions. Excellent isolation was showed at the wavelength of 230nm for 6 kinds of preservatives. Preservatives were detected for all tested samples and their concentration were not exceeded in cosmetic combination limits. Paraoxybenzoate esters(MP, EP, PP, BP) were used in the 98.0% of samples and not less than 2 kinds of preservatives were used in samples.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.8 no.1 s.15
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• pp.60-68
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• 2002

A Modified CREAMS model, CREAMS-PADDY was developed to simulate the hydrology and nutrient transport at an irrigated rice paddy. The hydrology at a paddy was simulated by a daily water balance routine which reflects daily inflow, outflow, and water level changes. The soil erosion was simulated using modified USLE. The nutrient transport for total nitrogen and phosphorus were depicted for various phases of each constitute such as extraction, percolation, mineralization, and plant uptakes. Field monitoring was conducted to investigate the water quality changes at a paddy field at three times a week during the growing season of 1996. The proposed model simulates the water quality of the paddy reasonably well, and is found to be applicable to field conditions.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.192-199
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• 2000

Standard CTD data processing recommended by Sea-Bird Electronics produced thermal-lag corrections larger than 0.1 psu for the data taken during the CREAMS expeditions in the northern part of the East/Japan Sea where a vertical temperature gradient frequently exceeds 1.0$^{\circ}$C/m in the upper 100 m near the sea surface. As the standard processing is based upon a recursive filter which was introduced by Lueck and Pickle (1990), coefficients of the recursive filter have been newly derived for the CREAMS data by minimizing the difference between salinities of downcast and upcast in temperature-salinity domain. The new coefficients are validated by comparison with salinities measured by a salinometer, AUTOSAL 8400B. An accurate correction for the thermal-lag is critical in identifying water masses at intermediate depth in the East/japan Sea.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.643-648
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• 2005

The objective of this paper is to analyze the environmental effects by the fertilizer change with wastewater reuse for agriculture. For this research, Lysimeter tests are being implemented to cultivate rice with different levels of fertilizer applications with wastewater irrigation., and to analyze the nutrient loading by wastwater reuse in paddy fields was examined the CREAMS-PADDY model. CREAMS-PADDY model is modified from CREAMS model for considering the hydrologic cycles in paddy field. As a result, in the lysimeter treated by irrigation with wastewater and chemical fertilizer with half of the conventional amount showed generally similar tendency to the control plot. This may require the modifications of standard cultural practices for rice in terms of fertilizer and pesticide applications. However, high concentration of sodium in wastewater might cause damage to physico-chemical properties of paddy soil. And the wastewater reuse effects on nutrient loads were quantitatively analyzed and this results provide the reasonable management for agricultural reuse.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.97-101
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• 1991

Six different O/W cream bases containing 4% ascorbic acid dipalmitate and two different O/W cream bases containing 1% ascorbic acid were prepared. Percutanceous absorption of ascorbic acid as well as safety were determined using rabbits. The stability of the creams was also tested at room temperature. Ascorbic acid concentrations in urines varied depending on the characteristics of cream bases used. The absorption of ascorbic acid was increased and sustained with the cream bases containing branched chain esters of fatty acid instead of natural oils used currently. The excretion level of ascorbic acid in urine was high with the cream base including nonionic surfactants and a small quantity of natural oils. The creams containing nonionic surfactants showed excellent stability, while those containing anionic surfactants were not stable in terms of pH, odor and coloring test at room temperature during six months. But, the two creams containing ascorbic acid were unstable. All the cream bases tested showed good safety.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.216-222
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• 2003

The effects of hydrolysis times and calcium source additions (calcium lactate, calcium carbonate), on the qualify characteristics of soy ice cream prepared with soy protein isolate(SPI), were studied. Increasing the hydrolysis time decreased the viscosity and overrun of soy ice creams, but increased the melt-down property. The addition of calcium lactate increased the viscosity of the soy ice cream mix, but no changes were observed from the calcium carbonate addition. The overrun of calcium lactate samples was higher than on addition of calcium carbonate. The addition of calcium lactate and calcium carbonate resulted in decreased melt-down properties, although these effects were more evident in the calcium lactate samples. However, calcium carbonate addition resulted in higher scores in the overall quality of the soy ice creams. In conclusion, better soy ice cream could be prepared by treating the SPI with Flavorzyme for 50 min, along with calcium fortification in the form of calcium carbonate.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.202-206
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• 2014

In this study, the bacteriological survey was examined on ice creams at manufacturing factories in Korea during the summer season of 2011. The nineteen selected among 166 samples by preliminary test were collected from 11 different manufacturing factories in four major manufacturers in May 2011. Samples from ice milk, ice creams, sherbets, and non milk fat ice creams were tested for the total aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria, and five food borne pathogens, respectively. The results showed that the coliforms including E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, and Listeria monocytogenes were not detected on all the ice creams. The total aerobic bacteria of the packed samples examined ranged between $2.5{\times}10^3$ and $5.5{\times}10^5cfu/g$. One ice cream, two sherbets, and four ice milk samples exceeded the acceptable limits of total aerobic bacteria according to the Korean standards for ice cream ($1.0{\times}10^5cfu/g$) and others ($5.0{\times}10^4cfu/g$). The levels of these microorganisms from ice creams were higher in three original equipment manufacturers than seven self-manufacturers. Three of ten ice creams (30.0%), three of six ice milks (50.0%), and one of two sherbets (50%) exceeded the acceptable limits of total aerobic bacteria, respectively. The personnel hygiene procedures with chocolate and vanilla chip addition from the manufacturing process were the main sources of the microbial contamination of stick-bar type ice creams when being produced in a factory. Improvement of the hazard analysis critical control points (HACCP) system should be introduced into the ice cream factory to improve the microbial quality of the ice cream products in Korea.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.95-110
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• 1998

A 13-week dermal toxicity test was conducted to assess the toxicity of DA-5018, a capsaicin derivative. Three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats (10-15 males and 10-15 females) were treated with DA-5018 cream daily by dermal application at concentrations of 0.1%, 0.3% or 0.9% as 500 mg/kg for 13 weeks. One further group of rats (15 males and 15 females) received cream base at 500 mg/kg/day and acted as controls. One male receiving 0.3% DA-5018 cream died during the treatment period. But the animal did not show any signs of treatment-related toxicity until death. There were no local skin reaction of application site and systemic reaction to the treatment of DA-5018 creams in all experimental groups throughout treatment and recovery period. Weight gain and food consumption in animals that received DA-5018 creams appeared to be comparable to that of the controls. Laboratory analyses (hematology, urinalysis and opthalmoscopic examination) did not revealed pathological values. In biochemical investigations, an increase of glucose level associated with increased food consumption and some other significant changes were noted in the animals of both sexes received DA-5018 creams. But these changes were not considered to be of toxicological importance. Postmortem examination did not show macroscopic or histological alterations attributable to the DA-5018 treatments. Based on these results, NOAEL(no-observable-adverse-effect level) of DA-5018 cream if estimated to be over 500 mg/tg/day as 0.9% cream.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 1998

Kojic acid (KA) is an antimelanogenic agent which has been widely used in cosmetics to whiten the skin color. However, it has the drawbacks of the skin irritancy and the instability against the pH, temperature, and light. In order to overcome these problems, various topical gels and multiple emulsion creams which can control the release of active ingredient, KA, were formulated employing cream bases of mineral oil with caprylic capric triglyceride and hydrophilic polymers such as chitosan, carbopol. and pluronics. Using Franz diffusion cells mounted with a synthetic cellulose membrane (MWCO 12,000), drug release characteristics of the formulations were evaluated by the HPLC assay of KA concentration in the receptor compartment of pH 7.4 phosphate buffered saline solution. Drug release from chitosan-based gels (ChitoGel) obeyed to the first order kinetics with a rapid release especially in the initial period. However, pluronic-based gels (PluGel) and carbopol-based gels (CarboGel) revealed controlled release of drug to some extent, followed by the square root-time kinetics. Moreover, the release of KA was further controlled with the W/O/W multiple emulsion creams (MultiCream), showing the apparent zero order release kinetics by virtue of dynamic ratecontrolling membrane of the oil layer. The flux $(J,\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr)$ of ChitoGel. CarboGel. PluGel. and MultiCream in the initial period of 6hr were 73.30, 28.67. 24.04 and 7.72, respectively. On the other hand, the skin irritancy score of ChitoGel and MultiCream were observed as 2.5 and 2.3 respectively, in the rabbit skin irritation test. Although there were insignificant differences at p<0.05 between those formulations, it was possible to conclude that the W/O/W multiple emulsion creams containing KA might be a good candidate for an antimelanogenic drug delivery system due to the controlled release of acidic drug molecules.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.164-172
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• 1996

CREAMS (Circulation Research of the East Asian Marginal Seas) Expeditions have provided a rare opportunity to carry out precise measurements of salinity, temperature and chemical tracers extensively in all major basins of the East Sea (Japan Sea) in 1993-1996 for the first time in more than 60 years since Uda's investigation (Uda, 1934). Studies revealed unequivocal evidence that the East Sea Proper Water (ESPW), previously known as a single homogeneous water mass, is indeed made of several distinct water masses. CREAMS data further confirmed the earlier observations of Gamo et al. (1986) that properties in Deep Waters in the East Sea have been changing during at least the last 25 years. There is evidence, especially from the analysis of the DO profile, that these changes may result from a major change in the mode of deep water formation: from bottom water formation in the past to intermediate/deep water formation in recent years. The causes for these changes are not clear at the present time, but nay include natural variation and may also reflect recent global changes in regional scale. A moving-boundary box model is presented to describe current observations, predicting the turnover time of the total deep and bottom waters to the cold surface waters to be ${\sim}$80 years in 1996.