• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.66-66
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• 2009

Various alloy system, such as Cu-Sn-Ti, Cu-Ag-Ti, and Ni-B-Cr-based alloy are used for the brazing of diamond grits. However, the problem of the adhesion strength between the diamond grits and the brazed alloy is presented. The adhesion strength between the diamond grits and the melting filler alloy is predicted by the contact angle, thereby, instead of diamond grit, the study on the wettability between the graphite and the brazing alloy has been indirectly executed. In this study, Cu-13Sn-12Ti filler alloy was manufactured, and the contact angles, the shear strengths and the interfacial area between the graphites(diamond grits) and braze matrix were investigated. The contact angle was decreased on increasing holding time and temperature. The results of shear strength of the graphite joints brazed filler alloys were observed that the joints applied Cu-13Sn-12Ti alloy at brazing temperature 940 $^{\circ}C$ was very sound condition indicating the shear tensile value of 23.8 MPa because of existing the widest carbide(TiC) reaction layers. The micrograph of wettability of the diamond grit brazed filler alloys were observed that the brazement applied Cu-13Sn-12Ti alloy at brazing temperature $990^{\circ}C$ was very sound condition because of existing a few TiC grains in the vicinity of the TiC layers.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.245-251
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• 2002

Reactive dyes waste water, a toxic and refractory pollutant, was treated by an electrochemical method using $Ti/IrO_2$ as anode and Stainless Steel 316 as cathode. In this technique, sodium chloride as an electrolyte was added. A number of experiments were run in a batch system. Artificial samples (reactive blue 19, red 195, yellow 145) were used. Operation parameters, such as supporting electrolyte concentration, current density, pH and sample concentration have been investigated for their influences on COD and color removal efficiencies during electrolysis. After 5 and 90 minites of eletrolysis, color was reduced by 51.5% and 98.9% respectively. Under the condition of current density $10A/dm^2$, NaCl concentration 12mg/l and pH 3, 62.9% of $COD_{Cr}$ was removed after electrolysis for 90 minites. The optimum condition of color removal and COD reduction in this work was found to be the following : pH 3, sodium chloride concentration 20g/l, current density $10A/dm^2$. As a result, we confirmed to be effective to color removal and reduction of refractory organic material.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.08a
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• pp.386-386
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• 2011

탄소나노튜브는 큰 길이 대 직경 비와 뛰어난 전기적 특성으로 인해 차세대 전계 방출 소자로 주목 받고 있다. 실질적인 전계방출 디스플레이로의 응용을 위한 대면적 제작과 유리 기판 사용을 위해 이용되었던 페이스트(paste)법은 높은 전기장 하에서 장시간 전계방출시 탄소나노튜브 전계방출원과 페이스트(paste)간의 낮은 접착력 때문에 발생하는 탄소나노튜브의 탈루현상(omission)과 유기물질(organic paste)에서 발생하는 탈기체(out-gassing) 문제점이 있었다. 최근 이런 문제점을 개선하기 위해 유기물질(organic paste)를 대체하여 금속바인더(metal binder) 물질을 사용한 결과들이 보고되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 유리기판 위에 제작된 탄소나노튜브 전계방출원의 수명 향상을 위하여 금속바인더와 후속 열처리법의 변화에 따른 전계방출 안정성을 분석하였다. 금속바인더는 접합층/ 접착층(soldering layer/ adhesive layer)으로 구성되어 있으며, 일반적인 소다석회유리(soda-lime glass)에 스퍼터(DC magnetron sputtering system)를 이용하여 증착하였다. 접착층은 유리기판과 접합층의 접착력 향상을 위해 사용되며, 접합층은 기판과 탄소나노튜브 전계방출원을 접합하는 역할과 전계방출 측정시 전극이 되기 때문에 우수한 전기 전도성과 내산화성을 필요로 한다. 본 실험에서는 일반적으로 유리기판과 접착력이 좋다고 알려진 Cr, Ti, Ni, Mo을 접착층으로 사용하였으며, 접합성과 전기전도성, 내산화성이 뛰어난 귀금속 계열의 금속을 접합층으로 사용하였다. 탄소나노튜브를 1,2-디클로로에탄(1,2-dichloroethane, DCE)에 분산시킨 용액을 스프레이방법을 이용하여 증착시켰으며, 후속 열처리 방법을 통하여 접합층과 결합시켰다. 금속바인더와 후속 열처리법의 변화에 따른 접착력과 표면형상(morphology)의 변화를 주사전자현미경(scanning electron microscopy)를 이용하여 분석하였으며, 다이오드 타입에 디씨 바이어스(DC bias)를 사용하여 전계방출특성을 측정하였다[1,2].

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.539-546
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• 2002

The physicochemical properties of solid wastes generated from seven highway service areas, four branch offices, and one construction site were analyzed in concert with air pollutants including heavy metals emitted from near-by small-scale incinerators. The amount of solid wastes generated from highway areas has been increasing with recent increases in the number of highways and passengers. Twelve incinerators examined in this study generally had capacity smaller than 100 kg/hr, most of which were equipped with cyclone for dust removal. It was seen that the concentrations of the gas-phase air pollutants (e.g., SO$_2$, NO$_{x}$, HCl and H$_2$S) were above the acceptable emission standards except one or two sites. CO concentrations at all incinerators were also higher due to incomplete combustion. In addition, particulate matters showed concentration six times higher at their maximum. The results of heavy metal analysis showed that the concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Ni satisfied the emission standards. whereas Pb at one site and Zn at five sites exceeded the standards. Cr measurement results indicated that 9 of 12 incinerators had higher values than the standard; especially one branch office showed nine times higher than normal concentration. In order to satisfy more stringent emission standards in the near future, it is necessary to install air pollution control system and to develop an intensified management plan.n.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.1479-1495
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• 2012

Spectrum scarcity seems to be the most challenging issue to be solved in new wireless telecommunication services. It is shown that spectrum unavailability is mainly due to spectrum inefficient utilization and inappropriate physical layer execution rather than spectrum shortage. Daily increasing demand for new wireless services with higher data rate and QoS level makes the upgrade of the physical layer modulation techniques inevitable. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) which utilizes multicarrier modulation to provide higher data rates with the capability of flexible resource allocation, although has widely been used in current wireless systems and standards, seems not to be the best candidate for cognitive radio systems. Filter Bank based Multi-Carrier (FBMC) is an evolutionary scheme with some advantages over the widely-used OFDM multicarrier technique. In this paper, we focus on the total throughput improvement of a cognitive radio network using FBMC modulation. Along with this modulation scheme, we propose a novel uplink radio resource allocation algorithm in which fairness issue is also considered. Moreover, the average throughput of the proposed FBMC based cognitive radio is compared to a conventional OFDM system in order to illustrate the efficiency of using FBMC in future cognitive radio systems. Simulation results show that in comparison with the state of the art two algorithms (namely, Shaat and Wang) our proposed algorithm achieves higher throughputs and a better fairness for cognitive radio applications.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.665-674
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sire and shape of retention element on the bond strength of indirect composite resin and metal. Material and method: The metal disk specimens, each 6mm in diameter, were cast from CrCo alloy. They were divided into 8 groups by applied retention element. retention bead group $B2\;({\phi}\;0.2mm),\;B4\;({\phi}\;0.4mm),\;B6\;({\phi}\;0.6mm),\;B8\;({\phi}\;0.8mm)$, retention crystal group C2 (0.2mm), C5 (0.5mm), C8 (0.8mm) and sandblasting group SB ($110{\mu}m\;Al_2O_3$ blasting) as control. Eighty-eight metal specimens were veneered with $TESCERA^{(R)}$ Indirect resin system. One specimen of each group was sectioned and the resin-metal bonding pattern at the interface was observed under measuring microscope. Other specimens were then tested for tensile bond strength on an Instron universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 2mm/min. Results: 1. Compared to sandblasting, beads or crystals increased the resin-metal bond strength (P<.05). 2. 0.2mm retention crystals were most effective in improving the resin-metal bond strength (P>.05). 3. 0.2mm beads showed the highest bond strength among retention bead groups, but there was no statistically significant difference (P>.05). 4. Retention crystals tend to be higher in bond strength than retention beads due to wider surface area. 5. The larger retention element, the larger the undercut for the mechanical retention, but the gap at resin-metal interface was also increased. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, 0.2mm retention crystals were most effective in improving the resin-metal bond strength.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.172-182
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• 2014

In this paper, we investigate the fundamental performance limits of the cooperative sensing using energy detection by considering the unlimited number of sensing nodes. Although a lot of cognitive radio research so far proposed various uses of energy detection because of its simplicity, the performance limits of energy detection have not been studied when a large number of sensing nodes exist. First, we show that when the sensing nodes see the independent and identically distributed channel conditions, then as the number of sensing nodes N goes to infinity, the OR rule of hard decision achieves zero of false alarm Pf for any given target probability of detection $\bar{P_d}$ irrespective of the non-zero received primary user signal to noise ratio ${\gamma}$. Second, we show that under the same condition, when the AND rule of hard decision is used, there exists a lower bound of $P_f$. Interestingly, however, for given $\bar{P_d}$, $P_f$ goes to 1 as N goes to infinity. Third, we show that when the soft decision is used, there exists a way of achieving 100% utilization of secondary user, i.e., the sensing time overhead ratio goes to zero so does $P_f$.We verify our analyses by performing extensive simulations of the proposed unlimited cooperative sensing. Finally, we suggest a way of incorporating the unlimited cooperative sensing into a practical cellular system such as long term evolutionadvanced by exploiting the existing frame structure of absolute blank subframe to implement the in-band sensing.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.431-446
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• 1996

This experiment was performed to study the ultrastructural changes of the juxtaglomerular cell of mice following subcutaneous injection of heavy metallic agents. Male mice were divided into normal and experimental groups. The mice were subcutaneouly injected with $HgCl_2$ (2mg, 5mg or 10 mg/Kg/BW) or with $K_{2}Cr_{2}O_7$(5 mg, 10 mg or 20 mg/Kg/BW). Mice were sacrificed on 6 hours, 3 days and 14 days after the injection. Kidneys were fixed in the 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde solution, followed by refixation in the 1% osmium tetroxide solution. Dehydrated blocks were embedded in araldite mixture. The sections were cut on a LKB-V ultratome, and ultrathin sections stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate were observed with JEM 100CX II electron microscope. The results were as follow: 1. Juxtaglomerular cell of the experimental groups showed some alterations, especially in the structures of protein synthesis including dilations and degradations of granular endoplasmic reticula, atrophy of Golgi complex, and numerous free ribosomes in the cytoplasm. 2. Juxtaglomerular cells treated groups showed a number of vacuoles, protogranules and some myelin figures in the cytoplasm, especially in the earlier groups. 3. Juxtaglomerular cells of treated groups, contained a large number of secretory granules showing variable electron densities and pleomorphism in later groups (2 weeks). From the above results, it was concluded that, the mercuric chloride or potassium bichromate induces acute renin release from juxtaglomerular cells of the mice, but many juxtaglomerular cells may secrete prematured secretory granules, or the synthetic system of the cell can not perform normal function.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.419-427
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• 2007

Single crystal $ZnIn_{2}S_{4}$ layers were grown on a thoroughly etched semi-insulating GaAs(100) substrate at $450^{\circ}C$ with the hot wall epitaxy (HWE) system by evaporating the polycrystal source of $ZnIn_{2}S_{4}$ at $610^{\circ}C$ prepared from horizontal electric furnace. The crystalline structure of the single crystal thin films was investigated by the photoluminescence and double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXD). The carrier density and mobility of single crystal $ZnIn_{2}S_{4}$ thin films measured with Hall effect by van der Pauw method are $8.51{\times}10^{17}\;electron/cm^{-3}$, $291{\;}cm^{2}/v-s$ at 293 K, respectively. The photocurrent and the absorption spectra of $ZnIn_{2}S_{4}$/SI(Semi-Insulated) GaAs(100) are measured ranging from 293 K to 10 K. The temperature dependence of the energy band gap of the $ZnIn_{2}S_{4}$ obtained from the absorption spectra was well described by the Varshni's relation, $E_g(T)$=2.9514 eV. ($7.24{\times}10^{-4}\;eV/K$)$T^{2}$/(T+489 K). Using the photocurrent spectra and the Hopfield quasicubic model, the crystal field energy(${\Delta}cr$) and the spin-orbit splitting energy(${\Delta}so$) for the valence band of the $ZnIn_{2}S_{4}$ have been estimated to be 167.8 meV and 14.8 meV at 10 K, respectively. The three photocurrent peaks observed at 10 K are ascribed to the $A_{1}$-, $B_{1}$-, and $C_{41}$-exciton peaks.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.96-102
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• 2012

Outer diameter stress corrosion cracking (ODSCC) has occurred for Alloy 600 (Ni 75 wt%, Cr 15 wt%, Fe 10 wt%) as a heat exchanger tube of the steam generator (SG) in nuclear power plants (NPP) during long term operation. Among many causes for SCC, lead (Pb) is known to be one of the most deleterious species in the secondary system. In the present work, the oxide formed on Alloy 600 was characterized as a function of the PbO content in 0.1 M NaOH at $315^{\circ}C$ by using an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), a transmission electron microscopy (TEM), equipped with an energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The oxide property was analyzed in view of SCC susceptibility.