• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.385-396
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• 2022

Abusive head trauma (AHT) in infants, especially acute subdural hematoma, has an extremely poor outcome. The most decisive and important finding is the appearance of a widespread low-density area on head computed tomography. This phenomenon was traditionally thought to be caused by cerebral ischemia. However, many other pathophysiological abnormalities have been found to be intricately involved. Recent studies have found that status epilepticus and hyperperfusion injures are the major causes. Another serious problem associated with AHT is cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA). Many infants are reported to visit to the hospital with CPA, and its pathophysiology has not been fully elucidated. This paper examines the background of these pathological conditions and associated factors and elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms resulting in poor outcomes in AHT. In addition to the intensity of assault on the head, the peculiar pathophysiological characteristics in infants, as well as the social background specific to child abuse, are found to be associated with poor outcome.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2021.11a
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• pp.181-182
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 자율운항선박의 원격 관제 및 제어하는 과정에서 원격 운항자에게 사전 충돌 위험 정보를 제공하기 위해 선박자동식별시스템(AIS, Automatic Identification System)의 항적 정보를 토대로 자율운항선박의 운항 경로 상에 잠재된 충돌 위험 영역을 예측하기 위한 기초 연구를 수행하였다. 자율운항선박의 운항 경로 상에 근접한 타선의 AIS 정보에는 기본적으로 선박의 위치, 속도, 침로에 대한 정보가 반영되어 있으므로, 이러한 정보를 토대로 일정 시간 동안 운항 경로를 예측할 수 있다. 그리고 예측한 정보를 기반으로 대표적 충돌 위험 지수인 최근접점(CPA, Closest Point of Approach)과 최근접점 거리(DCPA, Distance to CPA) 정보를 활용하여 충돌 위험 영역을 2차원 공간상에서 예측하였다. 제안된 방법은 실제 AIS 항적 데이터를 활용한 수치 시뮬레이션을 수행하여 초기 결과를 검증하였다.

• 한국초전도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.08a
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• pp.13-13
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• 2008

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.174-180
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• 2015

In this paper, we propose the passive sonar signal processing technique for estimating target information using proximity sensor. This algorithm is performed by single sensor which is constituted underwater sensor network and has a hierarchical structure. The estimated parameter is the velocity, the depth, the distance and bearing at CPA situations and we can improve the accuracy of signal processing techniques through having a hierarchical structure. We verify the performance of the proposed method by computer simulation and then we check the result that 20% error can be occurred in maximum detectable range. We also confirm that proposed method has the reliability in the actual sea environment through the sea experiment.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.145-152
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• 1994

As it has been reported that the depolarization induced acetylcholine(ACh) release is modulated by activation of presynaptic $A_1-adenosine$ heteroreceptor and various lines of evidence indicate the $A_2-receptor$ is present In hippocampus, this study was undertaken to delineate the role of adenosine receptors on hippocampal ACh release. Slices from the rat hippocampus were equilibrated with $[^3H]-choline$ and the release of the labelled product, $[^3H]-ACh$, which evoked by electrical stimulation(3 Hz, $5\;Vcm^{-1}$, 2 ms, rectangular pulses) was measured, and the influence of various agents on the evoked tritium outflow was Investigated. Adenosine$(0.3{\sim}100\;{\mu}M)$ and CPA$(0.1{\sim}30\;{\mu}M)$ decreased the $[^3H]-ACh$ release in a dose-dependent manner without changing the basal rate of release. DPCPX$(1{\sim}10\;{\mu}M)$, a selective $A_1-receptor$, antagonist, increased the $[^3H]-ACh$ release in a dose related fashion with slight increase of basal tritium release. And the effects of adenosine and CPA were significantly inhibited by $DPCPX(2\;{\mu}M)$ treatment. CPCA, a specific $A_2-agonist$, in concentration ranging from 0.3 to 30 ${\mu}M$, decreased the evoked tritium outflow, and these effects were also abolished by $DPCPX(2\;{\mu}M)$ treatment. But the CPCA effects were not affected by $DMPX(2\;{\mu}M)$, a specific Aa-antagonist, treatment. However, CGS 21680c, a recently introduced potent $A_2-agonist$, in concentration ranging from 0.1 to $10{\mu}M$, did not alter the evoked tritium outflow. These results indicate that the decrement of the evoked ACh release by adenosine is mediated by $A_1-heteroreceptor$, but $A_2-adenosine$ receptor is not involved in ACh release in the rat hippocampus.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.233-237
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• 1994

Plant regeneration system via somatic embryogenesis in leaf explant cultures of Gentiana scabra var. buergeri has been established. Leaf segments formed calli when cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 2 mg/L BAP After transferred to SH medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D, 2 mg/L CPA and 0.5 mg/L kinetin, the callus became embryogenic. The embryogenic callus was subcultured every 3 to 4 weeks. Upon transfer onto SH basal medium the embryogenic callus gave rise to numerous somatic embryos, which subsequently developed into plantlets. The regenerated plants were potted in an artificial soil with mixture (peatmoss : pearlite : vermiculite : 2 : 1 : 1) and transplanted to the soil after kept under a high humidity for two weeks. A total of 78 plants out of 105 regenerated plants survived in the soil. Phenotypic variations in height, number of stems and the flowering time were observed in tile regenerated plants. Cytogenetical analyses showed no chromosomal variation.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.65-76
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• 2007

Purpose: It is generally accepted that smooth muscle contraction is triggered by intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) released from intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ stores such as sarcoplasmic teticulum (SR) and from the extracellular space. The increased $[Ca^{2+}]^i$ can phosphorylate the 20,000 dalton myosin light chain $(MLC_{20})$ by activating MLC kinase (MLCK), and this initiates smooth muscle contraction. In addition to the $[Ca^{2+}]_i$MACK-tension pathway, a number of intracellular signal molecules, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), protein kinase C (PKC) and others, play important roles in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction. However, the mechanisms regulating contraction of depletion of SR $Ca^{2+}$ in mouse gastric smooth muscle strips is not still clear. Methods: To investigate the rotes of $Ca^{2+}$ influx and SR $Ca^{2+}$ release channel on gastric motility, isometric contraction and $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ were examined in mouse gastric smooth muscle strips. Results: High KCl, ryanodine, an activator of $Ca^{2+-}$induced $Ca^{2+}$ release channel, and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), an inhibitor of SR $Ca^{2+-}$ATPase evoked a sustained increase in muscle contraction and $[Ca^{2+}]_i$. These increases induced by high KCl, ryanodine, and CPA were partially blocked by application of verapamil ($10{\mu}M$), a L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel inhibitor. Additionally, in $Ca^{2+-}$free solution (1 mM EGTA), ryanodine and CPA had no effect contraction and $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ in fundic muscle strips. Conclusion: These results that extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ influx and depletion of SR trigger $Ca^{2+}$ influx through verapamil-sensitive $Ca^{2+}$ channel, and extracellular and SR $Ca^{2+}$ store may functionally involve in the subcellular $Ca^{2+}$ mobilization in mouse gastric muscle.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2014

This study aimed to find an optimal diluent and cryoprotective agent (CPA) during cryopreservation of common Korean bitterling Acheilognathus signifier sperm. The bitterling is an endangered species in Korea, and this study will enable conservation and further technical development of artificial seed production. We tested the effects of cryopreservation and toxicity by the type of diluent and CPA. The optimal combination of diluent and CPA for cryopreservation was 300 mM glucose+10% methanol, resulting in a survival rate and sperm activity index (SAI) of $96.3{\pm}1.5%$, and $3.0{\pm}0.0$ respectively, and no significant difference compared to fresh sperm. The survival rate and SAI of post-thawed sperm was $9.7{\pm}1.5%$, $0.8{\pm}0.3$ respectively, which was significantly higher than had been achieved with other diluents and CPAs.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1397-1404
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• 2014

A few starters have been developed and used for doenjang fermentation but often without safety evaluation. Filamentous fungi were isolated from industrial doenjang koji, and their potential for mycotoxin production was evaluated. Two fungi were isolated; one was more dominantly present (90%). Both greenish (SNU-G) and whitish (SNU-W) fungi showed 97% and 95% internal transcribed spacer sequence identities to Aspergillus oryzae/flavus, respectively. However, the SmaI digestion pattern of their genomic DNA suggested that both belong to A. oryzae. Moreover, both fungi had morphological characteristics similar to that of A. oryzae. SNU-G and SNU-W did not form sclerotia, which is a typical characteristic of A. oryzae. Therefore, both fungi were identified to be A. oryzae. In aflatoxin gene cluster analysis, both fungi had norB-cypA genes similar to that of A. oryzae. Consistent with this, aflatoxins were not detected in SNU-G and SNU-W using ammonia vapor, TLC, and HPLC analyses. Both fungi seemed to have a whole cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) gene cluster based on PCR of the maoA, dmaT, and pks-nrps genes, which are key genes for CPA biosynthesis. However, CPA was not detected in TLC and HPLC analyses. Therefore, both fungi seem to be safe to use as doenjang koji starters and may be suitable fungal candidates for further development of starters for traditional doenjang fermentation.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.9-12
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• 2005

Purpose: This study is to compare the medial longitudinal arch between heel pain group and normal painless group. Materials and Methods: Heel pain group 242 feet and normal group 140 feet were evaluated through the radiographic images of standing foot-ankle lateral view. Four radiographic indices, talo-1stmetatarsal angle (TMA), calcaneal-1st metatarsal angle (CMA), calcaneal pitch angle (CPA), and arch ratio (AR), were used as well as BMI. Results: There was no difference between heel pain group and normal group in the TMA, CMA, CPA, and AR. But in the BMI, heel pain group showed $1.7\;kg/m^2$ (p=0.0002) higher than normal group. To eliminate the sexual error, male and female were evaluated separately. Male heel pain group showed 2.9 degrees more dorsiflexion (p=0.001) in the TMA, 3.1 degrees greater (p=0.007) in the CMA, 0.01 lower (p=0.028) in the AR, and $1.0\;kg/m^2$ greater (p=0.033) in the BMI than normal male group. There were no difference in the CPA. Female heel pain group showed 3.6 degree greater (p=0.035) in the CMA, and $1.9\;kg/m^2$ greater (p=0.002) in the BMI than normal female group. But other indices demonstrated no differences. Conclusion: talo-$1^{st}$ metatarsal angle, calcaneal-$1^{st}$ metatarsal angle and arch ratio were radiographic indices related with heel pain.