• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.102-107
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• 2018

Purpose: This study examined the association between smoking and delayed neuropsychological sequelae (DNS) in acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. Methods: Patients admitted to the medical center emergency department from March 2016 to March 2017 because of CO poisoning were examined retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups: DNS and Non-DNS group. Multiple factors were analyzed to explain DNS, which was assessed by motor disturbances, cognitive impairment, dysphagia, Parkinson-like syndromes, epilepsy, and emotional lability in CO poisoning. Results: A total of 120 patients were included. The factors related to DNS were smoking (pack-years) (p=0.002) and initial carbon monoxide-hemoglobin level (p=0.015). On the other hand, after multivariate logistic regression analysis, smoking (Odds ratio 1.07; 95% CI, 1.02-1.13; p=0.004) was the only factor associated with DNS. Conclusion: Smoking is a very reliable factor for predicting the occurrence of DNS. A history of smoking in patients who suffer from CO intoxication is important. If a patient smokes, treatment should be started actively and as soon as possible.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.108-116
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• 2023

Purpose: This study investigated the differences between patients with acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning who visited the emergency department (ED) before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: This was a single-center retrospective observational study. Patients with CO poisoning who visited the ED during the period from February 2020 to January 2023 were classified as the COVID-19 pandemic group, and those from February 2019 to January 2020 were classified as the non-pandemic group. Patients' medical records were reviewed, their demographic and clinical characteristics were compared, and the length of stay in ED was checked. The time from admission to the ED to the start of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) was defined as the door-to-HBO time, and this parameter was compared between both groups. Results: In total, 672 patients were included in this study. The proportion of intentional poisoning was significantly higher in the COVID-19 pandemic group than in the non-pandemic group (p=0.028). The proportion of intentional poisoning significantly increased in the 20- to 29-year-old age group during the COVID-19 pandemic (p<0.001). In addition, it took longer to initiate HBO in the COVID-19 pandemic group than in the non-pandemic group (p=0.001). Conclusion: These findings suggest that pandemics of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, increase the proportion of intentional CO poisoning, and it may take longer to initiate HBO after visiting the ED. Efforts will be needed to decrease intentional CO poisoning and length of stay in ED.

• 보일러설비
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• 통권54호
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• pp.80-87
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• 1998

[ $\ulcorner$ ]애프터서비스(A/S)는 제품판매후 단순히 잘못된 것을 수리해 주는 뒷처리사업이 아니라 새로운 영업의 시작이며 회사의 이미지를 만드는 일등공신입니다.$\lrcorner$ 가스보일러 제조업체에서 A/S업무를 책임지고 있는 한 관계자의 말이다. 현대는 서비스 경쟁의 시대다. 제품 및 새기술의 개발만큼이나 서비스분야가 중요하다는 의미다. 이에 따라 서비스사업 뿐만 아니라 제품제조업체도 $\ulcorner$친절$\lrcorner$, $\ulcorner$정확$\lrcorner$, $\ulcorner$신속$\lrcorner$ 이라는 3박자를 갖춘 A/S제도를 갖추는 것이 필수과제로 되어있다. 특히 가스보일러는 동절기 난방용으로 사용하는 제품이어서 신속$\cdot$정확이 생명이라고 할 수 있다. 또 가스보일러는 다른 전자제품과는 달리 제품의 고장이 CO중독 등 사고와 직결된다는 점에서 A/S의 중요성이 강조된다.

• 약학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.149-155
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• 1989

To predict the influence of carbon monoxide poisonining on cerebral energy metabolism, rats were exposed to 5000 ppm environment for 30 minutes. Carboxyhemoglobin (HBCO) saturation rate in this condition was 72% equally in male and female rats. Cerebral cortex in the rats showed lower level of ATP, glucose, creatine phosphate and higher level of lactate, pyruvate by anaerobic glycolysis. As for the levels of ATP, creatine phsphate and glucose, the cerebral cortex contents of them were larger in female rats of estrus than in male rats, whereas there was no difference between sexes in the levels of pyruvate and lactate. According to time passage from CO intoxication, the mode of changes in cerebral energy metabolite contents was similar in both sexes.

• 한국정보처리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보처리학회 2006년도 추계학술발표대회
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• pp.235-238
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• 2006

최근 컴퓨터는 학습의 도구가 아닌 단순한 오락의 도구 정도로 전락하고, 사용자는 컴퓨터 게임에 중독되어 현실 세계와 게임의 가상 세계와의 구분이 모호하여져 학교 공부에 소홀하는 경우, 현실 세계에서 실제 다툼이 일어나는 경우 등 여러 가지 부작용이 발생하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 식물의 성장 과정에 게임의 요소를 더하여 컴퓨터 게임 사용자에게 생명의 소중함을 일깨워 줄 수 있으며 교육적인 효과 또한 거둘 수 있는 교육적 요소가 포함된 게임기의 설계를 제안한다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.321-330
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• 1995

목적 : 제초제로 사용되는 Paraquat($Gramoxone^{(R)}$)는 l0cc미만의 소량복용으로 사망이 가능하여 자살목적 혹은 사고로 복용한 후 응급실로 내원하게 되는데 적극적인 치료방법으로 신장 및 간장에 대한 독성은 가역적으로 회복이 가능하나 폐에 대한 독성은 가장 치명적으로 초기에 폐부종, 폐출혈등의 성인형호흡곤란증후군의 양상을 보이며 더욱 진행하면 폐섬유화를 초래하여 궁극적으로 사망하게 된다. 1984년 Webb등이 폐부종이 진행되는 paraquat중독환자에서 전폐방사선치료를 시행, 폐섬유화로의 진행을 억제하여 생존시킨 예를 보고한 이래 전폐 방사선 치료가 paraquat에 의한 폐독성을 방지할 수 있는 가에 대한 연구가 시도되었다. 저자들은 연세의대 치료방사선과에서 paraquat중독으로 전폐방사선치료를 시행받은 환자들을 후향적으로 분석하여 폐섬유화 예방에 대한 효과 및 궁극적으로 생존율 향상에 기여하였는지 보고자 하였다. 방법 : 1987년 6월부터 1993년 8월까지 paraquat중독으로 연세의료원에 내원하여 치료하였던 30명의 환자들을 대상으로 분석하였다. 이 중 14예에서 전폐방사선치료를 시행받았다. 환자들의 특성을 보면 남녀비가 12:18 이었고 3-76세의 연령에서 20-30세사이가 가장 많았고, 자살목적이 22예, 우발적인 사고로 복용한 예가 8예였다. 환자 및 보호자의 진술에 따라, 복용한양을 소량(<5cc), 한모금(5-50cc) 그리고 과량(>50cc)군으로 세 군으로 나누어 분석하였다. 방사선치료는 응급실에 도착하여 적극적인 치료와 함께 24시간 이 내 시작하였고 방사선량은 10Gy/5fr/1주으로, 전폐를 범위로 폐밀도 보상 없이 전후 2문 대향조사하였다. 3예에서 방사선치료도중 중단하였는데 치료거절(2Gy) 및 사망(2Gy, 6Gy)이 원인이었다. 결과 : 소량복용군에서는 방사선치료와 상관없이 7예 전원이 생존하였고 대조군에서 2예의 경미한 폐부종이 나타났으나 방사선치료군에서는 나타나지 않았다. 한모금 복용군의 경우 15예 전예에서 폐독성이 나타났는데, 대조군에서는 7예중 1예($14{\%}$)에서만 회복된 반면 방사선치료군에서는 8예중 4예($50{\%}$)에서 폐독성에서 회복되었다. 한모금 복용군에서 음독후 4일이내에 방사선치료를 받은 경우 5예중 4예($80{\%}$)에서 폐독성이 회복된 반면 5일 이후에 치료한 3예에서는 전원($100{\%}$)이 호흡부전으로 사망하여 차이를 보였다. 4일이내 방사선치료군에서 2Gy 조사 후 치료를 거절한 1예를 제외하면 4예 전원($100{\%}$)에서 폐섬유화를 예방할 수 있었다. 과량복용군에서는 방사선치료와 상관없이 8예 전원이 다기관 손상과 함께 호흡부전으로 사망하였는데 방사선치료는 3예 모두 음독2일 이내에 시행되었지만 모두 폐섬유화로 진행되어 사망하였다. 결론 : Paraquat중독으로 궁극적인 사망의 원인이되는 폐섬유화를 방지하기 위한 방법으로 전폐방사선치료는 비록 복용량이 정확하지는 않으나 약 한모금(5-50cc)정도 복용한 경우 paraquat배설을 위한 적극적인 치료와 함께 조기에(적어도 4일 이내에) 시행될 경우 폐섬유화로의 이행을 방지하여 궁극적으로 생존이 가능함을 알 수 있었고, 소량복용의 경우와 과량을 복용한 경우 전폐방사선치료는 필요가 없을 것으로 생각되었다. 향후 음독후 정확한 혈중 paraquat 농도를 측정하여 대조군과 비교하여 전폐방사선효과를 규명하는 임상실험이 필요하리라 사료된다.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.80-85
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiologic characteristics of adult patients with carbon monoxide poisoning who presented to the emergency department in recent years. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study on adult consecutive patients with carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning who presented to the emergency department of a tertiary care university-affiliated hospital from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2011. Results: A total of 91 patients were included in this study; there were 56(61.5%) unintentional and 35(38.5%) intentional poisonings. For the unintentional CO poisonings, the principal sources of exposure to CO were fire (39.3%), charcoal (17.9%), briquette charcoal (7.1%), wood burning boiler (7.1%), gas boiler (5.4%), automobile heater (3.6%), briquette boiler (3.6%), firewood (3.6%), and other items (12.5%). For the intentional CO poisonings, the sources were ignition charcoal (60.0%), briquette (31.4%), charcoal (5.7%) and butane gas (2.9%). For the unintentional CO poisonings, the places of poisoning were the home (58.9%), workplace (10.7%), public accommodation (8.9%), tent (8.9%), automobile (3.6%) and parking place (1.8%). For the intentional CO poisonings, the places of poisoning were the home (77.1%), public accommodation (11.4%) and automobile (11.4%). The proportion of intentional CO poisonings among total poisonings has increased significantly in recent years; 0.0% in 2008, 3.3% in 2009, 5.5% in 2010, and 29.7% in 2011. Conclusion: This study showed that in recent years in Korea, the source of CO has diversified broadly and intentional CO poisonings from burning ignition charcoal or briquettes has increased. Prevention efforts should consider these factors.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.103-110
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular manifestations and clinical course in patients with acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted over a 36 month period on consecutive patients who visited an emergency medical center and were diagnosed with acute carbon monoxide poisoning. A standardized data extraction protocol was performed on the selected patients. Results: A total of 293 patients were selected during the study period. Cardiac manifestations were observed in 35.2% (n=103) of the patients: hypotension in 11 patients (3.8%), ECG abnormalities in 44 patients (15.0%) and cardiac enzyme abnormalities in 103 patients (35.2%). Echo cardiography was performed on 56 patients with cardiac toxicity: 12 patients had abnormal results (5 patients with global hypokinesia and 7 patients with regional wall akinesia). Five patients died within 3 hours after ED admission, and the remaining patients were discharged alive. At 3 months after discharge, none of these patients had died.The SOFA scores in the severe cardiac toxicity group and non-severe cardiac toxicity group at the time of arrival were $2.53{\pm}2.29$ and $2.19{\pm}2.12$, respectively (p=0.860). Conclusion: Cardiovascular manifestations occur after acute CO poisoning at arateof 35.2%. Even those with severe cardiovascular toxicity recovered well within 10 days after admission. Therefore, the importance of cardiac toxicity after acute CO poisoning is not significant in itself in the clinical course, and the short-term prognosis of cardiac toxicity is unlikely to be unfavorable in acute CO poisoning.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.95-105
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• 1971

Carbon monoxide poisoning is one of the most serious health hazards in Korea. Although the incidence rate has been assumed to be the highest in the world, there has been no avaiable reports as far as the annual & nation-wide incidence are concered. Authors analyzed the incidence reports from 1965 to 1970 filed by the National Police & also made incidence survey on Seoul area in 1968 & 1969. The results of these surveys informed us that the official police reports are very much underevaluated. The stochastic estimations of the generel incidence were made based on the informations which were obtained through incidence survey made in Seoul area. The findings obtained are as follows; 1. The annual incidence of CO poisoning tends to increase since 1965. 2. The incidence is higher in the urban area & the incidence in Seoul is the highest in the world. 3. The frequency of incidence is the highest in the December. 4. The main causes of poisoning are the gas leakage from 'ondol' floor & the leaking of gas from kitchen to room through the connecting door. 5. The incidence survey made in Seoul area revealed that the official police reports are underevaluated around one-eighth of actual incidence. 6. The health hazards induced by CO poisoning is greater than those caused by 19 Class I & Class II communicable diseases.

• 대한응급의학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.519-528
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• 2018

Objective: Delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae (DNS) following carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, which may result from a demyelinating leukoencephalopathy, is a disease with a poor prognosis. This study examined the factors affecting the long-term prognosis of DNS and the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in patients with DNS. Methods: This retrospective study included 84 patients with DNS following CO poisoning from January 2013 to June 2016. HBOT was given to 24 patients. The patients were divided into an improvement group and non-improvement group based on their clinical condition on a telephone interview at intervals between 3 months and 3 years after the onset of DNS. The improvement group was defined as having Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) scores in their daily life that improve to 1 or 2 grade. Results: Of the 594 patients, DNS were found in 18.2%, and 70.2% (59 of 84) of the patients with DNS improved. The prognostic factors for the improvement of DNS were an age of 45 years or less (odds ratio [OR], 12.068; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.393-60.858; P<0.005), CPC score of 1 or 2 group at the time of DNS onset (OR, 12.361; 95% CI, 3.161-48.330; P<0.005), and a lucid interval longer than 20 days (OR, 5.164; 95% CI, 1.393-19.141; P<0.01). HBOT was not associated with the improvement of DNS in CO poisoning (OR, 0.467; 95% CI, 0.172-1.269; P>0.1). Conclusion: Patients aged less than 45 years, low grade CPC score of 1 and 2, and lucid interval longer than 20 days are more likely to have a good prognosis. On the other hand, HBOT failed to produce a benefit for DNS patients.