• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.163-170
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• 1988

8 patients of delayed CO sequelae were evaluated using Brain CT and $^{99m}Tc-HMPAO$ SPECT. The results were as follows; 1) CT findings of delayed CO sequleae were bilateral low density lesion in globus pallidus (l pt.), diffuse low density in white matter with bilateral low density in white matter (l pt.), diffuse low density in white matter with bilateral low density in globus pallidus (l pt.), diffuse low density in white matter with cortical atrophy (l pt.), bilateral low density in globus pallidus and diffuse low density in white matter with cortical atrophy (l pt.) and normal in 3 pts. 2) $^{99m}Tc-HMPAO$ Brain SPECT findings of delayed CO sequelae were decreased regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in frontal (1 among 8 pts.), frontal and basal ganglia (3 among 8 pts.), and diffuse patch decreased rCBF pattern (4 among 8 pts.) 3) $^{99m}Tc-HMPAO$ Brain SPECT study was well correlated with neurologic symptoms and signs in delayed CO sequelae. Our results may suggest that reduced cerebral blood flow contributes to the development of delayed CO sequelae.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2009

A safety assessment was performed through the process analysis of hydrogen station. The purpose of this study provides basic information for the standard establishment about hydrogen stations. The processes of hydrogen stations were classified by four steps (process of manufacture, compression, storage, charge). FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis) method was applied to evaluate safety. Each risk element is following; S (severity), O (occurrence), D (detection). And the priority of order was decided by using RPN (Risk Priority Number) value multiplying three factors. Scenarios were generated based on FMEA results. And consequence analysis was practiced using PHAST program. In the result of C.A, jet fire and explosion were shown as accident types. In case of leakage of feed line in PSA process, concentration of CO gas is considered to prevent CO gas poisoning when the raw material that can product CO gas was used.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 2020

Purpose: This study evaluated aggressive hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) by understanding various exposure routes of acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, the risk factors causing acute cardiovascular, and neurological toxicity caused by poisoning. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted based on the medical records of 417 acute CO poisoning patients who visited the emergency care unit from March 2017 to August 2019. The exposure routes, HBOT performance, age, sex, medical history (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, heart failure), intentionality, loss of consciousness (LOC), intake with alcohol or sedatives, and initial test results (carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), troponin-I, electrocardiography, echocardiography, brain MRI) were examined. Comparative analysis of the clinical information was conducted between the groups that showed acute cardiovascular toxicity and neurological toxicity, and groups that did not. Results: Among 417 patients diagnosed with acute CO poisoning, 201 cases (48.2%) were intentional, and charcoal briquette was the most common route (169 patients (40.5%)). Two hundred sixteen cases (51.8%) were accidental, and fire was the most common route (135 patients (32.4%)). The exposure route was more diverse with accidental poisoning. Three hundred ninety-nine patients were studied for acute cardiovascular toxicity, and 62 patients (15.5%) were confirmed to be positive. The result was statistically significant in intentionality, LOC, combined sedatives, initial COHb, HTN, and IHD. One hundred two patients were studied for acute neurological toxicity, which was observed in 26 patients (25.5%). The result was statistically significant in age and LOC. Conclusion: Active HBOT should be performed to minimize damage to the major organs by identifying the various exposure routes of CO poisoning, risk factors for acute cardiovascular toxicity (intentionality, LOC, combined sedatives, initial COHb, HTN, IHD), and the risk factors for acute neurological toxicity (age, LOC).

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.279-283
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• 2005

After initial recovery from acute carbon monoxide(CO) intoxication, some patients occasionally undergo severe neuropsychiatric deterioration, which is called postanomic delayed encephalopathy(sequelae). This is the clinical study about one patient, a 53-year-old woman, diagnosed with delayed encephalopathy after acute CO intoxication. The patient's symptoms were mental dysfunction including memory impairment and disorientation, aphasia, atrophy and weakness throughtout the body. She had completely recovered after an anomic episode, but the neurological symptoms that developed were preceded by an interval of apparent nomality.(the 'lucid interval'). She was characterized as suffering deficiency syndrome of the heart(心虛) and was prescribed for her an Ansinschungnoi-tang(安神淸腦湯), and thereafter her symptoms improved remarkably. For the evaluation of clinical improvement, we use the Modified Barthel Index(MBI).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.122-128
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was conducted to describe the characteristics of patients with carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. Methods: We retrospectively surveyed data from the Emergency Department based Injury In-depth Surveillance of 20 hospitals (2011-2014). We included patients whose mechanism of injury was acute CO poisoning caused by inhalation of gases from charcoal or briquettes. We surveyed the annual frequency, gender, age, result of emergency treatment, rate of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, result of admission, association with alcohol, and place of accident. We also surveyed the cause and experience of past suicide attempts by intentional poisoning. Results: A total of 3,405 patients were included (2,015 (59.2%) and 1,390 (40.8%) males and females, respectively) with a mean age of $39.83{\pm}18.51$ year old. The results revealed that the annual frequency of CO poisoning had increased and the frequency of unintentional CO poisoning was higher than that of intentional CO poisoning in January, February and December. The mean age of intentional CO poisoning was younger than that of unintentional CO poisoning ($38.41{\pm}13.03$ vs $40.95{\pm}21.83$) (p<0.001). The rates of discharge against medical advice (DAMA), ICU care and alcohol association for intentional CO poisoning were higher than for unintentional CO poisoning (36.4% vs 14.0%, 17.8% vs 4.7%, 45.2% vs 5.6%) (p<0.001). The most common place of CO poisoning was in one's residence. Conclusion: The annual frequency of total CO poisoning has increased, and unintentional CO poisoning showed seasonal variation. DAMA, ICU care, and alcohol association of intentional CO poisoning were higher than those of unintentional CO poisoning.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.277-281
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• 2012

This work is concerned with a plan for preventing accidents of CO gas leak from gas boilers, involving the enforcement of installations of both CO alarm system and condensing boilers, and financial support of government grants. If amongst 1,460,000 beneficiaries of basic livelihood security, one million households in use of gas boilers receive 3-year support of 200,000 won, the difference of prices between common and condensing boilers, the government grants would be 2,000 billion won. If 3 million common householders are in 3-year support of 100,000 won, government grants would be 3,000 billion won. Therefore, 3-year grand total of government grants would be 5,000 billion won. Finance for government grants can be purveyed from energy saving; yearly 2,000 billion won of energy saving by enforcing to replace one million existing boilers with condensing boilers, leading to 2 trillion won of energy saving for 10 years. In this way, 6,000 billion won of 3-year grand total of government grants for CO alarm system and condensing boilers can be purveyed. The rest amount would be fundraised for energy savings. We claim that our proposal can make an achievement of more than 50% reduction of CO leak accidents during 10 years.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.67-81
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• 2010

Consumer researchers found that compulsive buying was a part of a category of compulsive consumption that was interrelated to addictive and repetitive behaviors. The present study empirically examined the co-morbidity of compulsive buying and Internet addiction among e-commerce users in terms of consumption disorders. Although the prevalence of Internet use and on-line sales remarkably increase in recent years, almost no study examines on-line compulsive buying behavior. This study explored the link between compulsive buying and Internet addiction among e-commerce users, and investigated the characteristics of on-line shoppers with respect to two forms of compulsive consumption, which were divided into compulsive buying and Internet addiction. Additionally, factors that related to compulsive buying behaviors among e-commerce users were also examined. The present research was conducted using a convenience sample of 394 young adults between the ages of 20-30, and the Faber and O'Guinn's DSCB scale and the Widyanto's Internet addiction scale (IA) were used. Confirmatory factor analyses were utilized to evaluate the structure of the DSCB and IA, and a Probit model was used to examine determinants for the compulsive buying behaviors of e-commerce users. E-commerce users were classified into four groups; high compulsion and high addiction, low compulsion and low addiction, high compulsion and low addiction, and low compulsion and high addiction. Consumers with high compulsion and high addiction spent higher amounts of money on their on-line purchases and were frequently connected with the Internet compared to the three other consumer groups. Consumers with compulsive buying behaviors were also found to have significantly greater Internet addiction tendencies than typical buyers. Compulsive buyers were more likely to engage in Internet addiction and the number of purchasing via on-line shopping mall, and had higher materialism. Policy implications and suggestions for consumer education programs were discussed.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 1972

Carbon Monoxide poisoning is one of the most serious Public health problems in Korea. The incidence rate. officially reported has been known to be the highest in the world. This high incidence is mainly due to the wide prevalence of anthracite coal briquette as the domestic fuel for unique Korean heating system called 'ondol,' The coal briquette gas contains around 3-5% of Carbon Monoxide. A nation-wide effort to eliminate or reduce this serious hazards has produced little effect and the most hospitals are offering very ineffective measures such as oxygen inhalation through nasal catheter. Author has believed that this preventable accident should be approached by the secondary preventive measure because of our socio-economic status do not allow us optimistic results from primary preventive measure as far as the problem of CO poisoning is concerned. Author has treated 466 patients during 30 months period by Hyperbaric Oxygenation at Seoul National University Hospital. The results found are as follows. 1. Female has a higher incidence rate than male and the age group between 15-29 years showed highest incidence. 2. The recovery time depends on the time when the patients arrived at hospital. Earlier the arrival time, shorter the recovery time. 3. Some objective signs are representing typical physiological response to tissue hypoxia. 4. Therapeutic effectiveness of Hyperbaric Oxypenation is confirmed by such indices as recovery rate, Admission rate and average stay in hospital. Futher, these results are cocordant with other reports on the clinical value of Hyperbaric Oxygenation in the treatment of CO poisoning.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2016

Purpose: Aspiration pneumonia is an important complication of drug intoxication with decreased mental status. The purpose of the study is to investigate the risk factors of aspiration pneumonia in the patients of benzodiazepine overdose with or without co-ingestion of other drugs. Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients who visited the emergency department between January 2012 and December 2014 was conducted. Demographic data, time from ingestion to visit, initial vital signs, symptoms, mental status, medical history, laboratory results, chest radiological findings and co-ingested medications were recorded. Multiple logistic analyses were performed to verify the association between variables and the development of aspiration pneumonia. Results: A total of 249 patients presented to the emergency department with benzodiazepine overdose. Aspiration pneumonia had developed in 24 patients (9.6%). Univariate analysis revealed time from ingestion to visit was longer, Glasgow coma scale score was lower, hypoxia was presented, leukocytosis was shown, types of ingested drugs was high, less activated charcoal was applied and tricyclic antidepressants was taken in patients that developed aspiration pneumonia. Time from ingestion to visit (odds ratio (OR) 1.121, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.057-1.189, p=0.000), GCS score (OR 0.724. 95% CI, 0.624-0.839, p=0.000), oxygen saturation (OR 0.895, 95% CI, 0.835-0.959, p=0.002), and co-ingestion of TCA (OR 4.595, 95% CI, 1.169-18.063, p=0.029) were identified as risk factors of morbidity of aspiration pneumonia upon multiple logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: Time from ingestion to visit, low GCS score, low oxygen saturation and co-ingestion of TCA were risk factors of the development of aspiration pneumonia in benzodiazepine overdose patients.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.66-73
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• 1998

This paper deals with the combustion characteristics of flue gas in infared mobile heaters. The experimental work has been performed to obtain the concentration levels and combustion characteristics of flue gas with varying chamber size and room temperature. The experimental results showed that oxygen depletion sensor device was operated at the oxygen concentration level of $18.3\%$ for all the chamber size. The combustion characteristics of oxygen and carbon dioxide show a linearity After 10 minutes the combustion property of carbon monoxide occurs at random without a level of oxygen and carbon dioxide in closed space of the heater. In these results, it is very important to prevent incomplete combustion through a sufficient ventilation, and accident prevention with a reduction of the oxygen and diffusion of toxic carbon monoxide.