• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 2010

The present study confirmed the intelligibility improvement benefit of clear speech by investigating the intelligibility of Korean stops produced in different speaking styles: conversational, citation-form, and clear speech. This finding supports the Hypo- & Hyper-speech theory that speakers adjust vocal effort to accommodate hearers' speech perception difficulty. A progressive intelligibility improvement was found for the three speaking styles investigated: clear speech was more intelligible than citation-form speech citation-form speech was more intelligible than conversational speech and clear speech was also more intelligible than conversational speech. These findings suggest that the manipulations to elicit three distinct speaking styles in a laboratory setting were successful. Korean lenis stops showed the least intelligibility improvement among the three Korean stop types, and this result suggests that lenis stops should be more resistant to intelligibility enhancement efforts in clear speech than aspirated and fortis stops.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Esthetic Dentistry
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 2021

These days, Clear aligners occupy an important position in dentistry, and have increased in popularity and in the market share of orthodontic treatment system. Currently, the world's No. 1 company occupies a significant portion of the global clear aligner market, and many latecomers are trying to follow. Serafin clear aligner system, which is one of domestic clear aligner systems pursues comprehensive orthodontic treatment, not just target tooth movement. Here I report two orthodontic treatment cases using Serafin clear aligner system.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1998.08a
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• pp.177-183
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• 1998

보통 말씨와 clear speech에서, 영어 전설모음[ i, , , e ]를 일정한 강세를 갖도록 하고, 모음의 길이를 변화시켜 음향적 분석을 하였다. 그 결과, 모음의 음가가 주변의 자음과 비슷한 값으로 변화하였으며, 그 변화 정도는 모음의 길이와 직접적인 관련이 있었으며, 이러한 변화의 크기는 clear speech에서 더 적었다. 이러한 결과는 clear speech 가 단순히 보통 말씨보다 소리가 큰 것일 뿐 아니라, 체계적으로 모음축약 현상을 보상하기 위하여 음향적인 특성을 재구성하는 것임을 시사한다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.5
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• pp.609-617
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate ecological indicators of forest degradation after forest fire and clear-cutting in the Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) stand of Mongolia. The species abundance and biodiversity indices were higher in burned and clear-cut stands than those of reference stand, but boreal understory species, such as Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Pyrola incarnata, Linnea borealis and Maianthemum bifolium, completely disappeared and was replaced by sedge species, such as Carex duriuscula, C. lanceolata, C. pediformis, Poa attenuata and P. pratensis. During the research period, temperature increased by an average of $1.6^{\circ}C$ in burned stand and $1.7^{\circ}C$ in clear-cut stand compared to reference stand, but RH sharply decreased up to 15.7% in clear-cut stand. This result indicates that Larix sibirica stand became warmer and drier after forest fire and clear-cutting, and contributed to the abundance of sedge and grass species in the understory. Moreover, intense occupation of tall sedge grass after forest fire and clear-cutting had a vital role as obstacle on natural regeneration of Larix sibirica. The similarity of species composition between reference and burned stands was higher (73.6%) than between reference and clear-cut stands (63.8%). Soil moisture significantly decreased after forest fire and clear-cutting, and the extent of decrease was more severe in the clear-cut stand. The chemical properties at soil organic layer were significantly affected by forest fire and clear-cutting but not the mineral horizons. Inorganic nitrogen of the forest floor significantly decreased in the clear-cut stand ($1.1{\pm}0.4mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) than that of the burned ($4.5{\pm}2.3mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) and reference stands ($5.0{\pm}2.3mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$). Available P of the forest floor significantly increased after fire, whereas it decreased after clear-cutting. These results indicate that existence of boreal understory vegetation, and changes in soil moisture and available P are distinct attributes applicable as ecological indicators for identifying forest degradation in Mongolia.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.347-354
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• 2014

This study was carried out to clarify the change of butterfly community after clear cutting. Butterfly survey was conducted in clear cutting area, forest road, and forest using line transect method from May to November in 2011. A total of 32 species and 398 individuals of butterflies were observed. Abundance of food niche breadth and habitat type was significantly higher in clear cutting area than in forest. Estimated species richness and species diversity were significantly higher in clear cutting area than in forest. In clear cutting area, Leptidea amurensis and Argynnis niobe, vulnerable species, were abundant. This result suggests that grasslands formed by clear cutting play an important role to increase butterfly diversity in forest ecosystem.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.81 no.2
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• pp.448-452
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• 2020

Clear cell hidradenoma is a tumor that originates from a sweat gland and typically involves the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Malignant clear cell hidradenoma is very rare, and surgical excision is usually performed without imaging. There are few reports of the ultrasonographic findings of malignant clear cell hidradenomas. Herein, we present the ultrasonographic characteristics of a malignant clear cell hidradenoma.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.233-238
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• 1981

This trial was conducted to find out some tendencies in variations of grain chalkiness according to their position on a panicle. To know the varietal character in variations of chalkiness and their relations with grain weight, distribution of chalkiness in bulk seed was observed for four varieties. Milyang 23, relatively clear variety and SR601-25-1, much chalky variety were checked for the grain chalkiness in their positions on the panicle. The results obtained are summerized as follows: Rice chalkinss were varied in degree from 0 (clear) to 9 (chalky) within a variety. Large number of grains were distributed to clear for clear variety and to chalky for chalky variety, but almost equal number of grains were distributed to all degree of chalkiness for intermediate chalky variety. For the relationship between degree of chalkiness and grain weight, chalky grains founded in clear variety and clear grains founded in chalky variety decreased in weight, while in intermediate chalky varieties both grains of clear and chalky decreased. There were great varietions in grain chalkiness on a panicle for both clear and chalky varieties. There was no definite trend in distribution of chalkiness except that the first primary branch and terminal grains in every primary branch showed clear in Milyang 23. Mean degree of grain chalkiness was relatively high in grains of middle part of panicle only from Milyang 23.

• Korean Journal of Audiology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.187-192
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• 2019

Background and Objectives: Clear speech is an effective communication strategy used in difficult listening situations that draws on techniques such as accurate articulation, a slow speech rate, and the inclusion of pauses. Although too slow speech and improperly amplified spectral information can deteriorate overall speech intelligibility, certain amplitude of increments of the mid-frequency bands (1 to 3 dB) and around 50% slower speech rates of clear speech, when compared to those in conversational speech, were reported as factors that can improve speech intelligibility positively. The purpose of this study was to identify whether amplitude increments of mid-frequency areas and slower speech rates were evident in Korean clear speech as they were in English clear speech. Subjects and Methods: To compare the acoustic characteristics of the two methods of speech production, the voices of 60 participants were recorded during conversational speech and then again during clear speech using a standardized sentence material. Results: The speech rate and longterm average speech spectrum (LTASS) were analyzed and compared. Speech rates for clear speech were slower than those for conversational speech. Increased amplitudes in the mid-frequency bands were evident for the LTASS of clear speech. Conclusions:The observed differences in the acoustic characteristics between the two types of speech production suggest that Korean clear speech can be an effective communication strategy to improve speech intelligibility.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.41-44
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• 2020

Clear cell hidradenoma is a skin adnexal tumor originating from eccrine glands. The risk of local recurrence after surgical resection exceeds 50%, and 6-19% of cases are malignant. The rarity of clear cell hidradenoma and its diverse histological findings make this type of tumor a diagnostic challenge. We present a case of recurrent clear cell hidradenoma of the posterior neck in a 70-year-old woman. The tumor recurred once after complete excision, and did not recur again after 1-cm wide excision and reconstruction with a local bilobed flap. Recurrent clear cell hidradenomas are activated by surgical stimulation, increasing the risk for metastasis. Therefore, we suggest that wide excision with confirmation of a tumor-free margin by frozen-section biopsy should be the first-line treatment for recurrent benign clear cell hidradenoma.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.15-17
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• 2024

Clear cell carcinoma is a rare variant of salivary gland carcinoma, and its occurrence in the tongue base is even rarer. We present a case of a 55-year-old female patient with clear cell carcinoma of the tongue base. The patient initially presented with a 3-month history of palpable tongue mass, leading to her visit to the otolaryngology outpatient clinic. The patient underwent a complete resection of the tumor under general anesthesia. Postoperative follow-up imaging studies showed no evidence of recurrence. This case report highlights the diagnostic and management challenges associated with clear cell carcinoma of tongue base and demonstrates that a high index of suspicion is required to diagnose clear cell caricnoma, given its rarity and overlapping features with other clear cell neoplasms.