• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.218-224
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• 2018

Background: Compound K (CK) is a ginsenoside, a metabolite of Panax ginseng. There is interest both in increasing skin health and antiaging using natural skin care products. In this study, we explored the possibility of using CK as a cosmetic ingredient. Methods: To assess the antiaging effect of CK, RT-PCR was performed, and expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-1, cyclooxygenase-2, and type I collagen were measured under UVB irradiation conditions. The skin hydrating effect of CK was tested by RT-PCR, and its regulation was explored through immunoblotting. Melanin content, melanin secretion, and tyrosinase activity assays were performed. Results: CK treatment reduced the production of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in UVB irradiated NIH3T3 cells and recovered type I collagen expression level. Expression of skin hydrating factors-filaggrin, transglutaminase, and hyaluronic acid synthases-1 and -2-were augmented by CK and were modulated through the inhibitor of ${\kappa}B{\alpha}$, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, or extracellular signal-regulated kinases pathway. In the melanogenic response, CK did not regulate tyrosinase activity and melanin secretion, but increased melanin content in B16F10 cells was observed. Conclusion: Our data showed that CK has antiaging and hydrating effects. We suggest that CK could be used in cosmetic products to protect the skin from UVB rays and increase skin moisture level.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.288.1-288.1
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• 2002

Herbal medicines are increasingly being utilized to treat a wide variety of disease processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of aqueous extract from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC (Campanulaceae). Changkil (CK). to affect cellular response in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes to t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity. CK-treated cells showed an increased resistance to oxidative challenge. as revealed by a higher percent of survival capacity in respect to control cells. CK added prior or simultaneously with I-BHP reduced enganced lipid peroxidation measured as production of malondialdehyde and enhnaced intracellular reduced glutathinoe depletion by t-BHP. Furhtermore. CK protected from the t-BHP-induced intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species assessde by montioting dichlorodihydrofluorescein fluorescence. it can be concluded that CK exerts an antioxidant action insice the cell. responsible for the abserved modulation of the cellular response to oxidative challenge. and CK have a marked anitioxdative and hepatoprotective potency.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.270-275
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• 1999

Background: In the patients with thoracic injury, we suspect simultaneous cardiac contusion or concussion. We analyzed the patients with possible cardiac injury by electrocardiography, serum creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase isoenzyme fraction (CK-MB) screening, followed by two dimentional echocardiogram (2-DE) to access the severity of injury. Material and Method: From January 1997 to April 1998, 15-month retrospective study of suspicious myocardial injury was undertaken in including 24 patients admitted for suspected cardiac injury. All patients with history or signs of blunt chest injury were checked serially and the serial CK, CK-MB fraction, electrocardiography (EKG) analysis screening were followed by 2-DE. Result: The age range was between 20-40 years and were predominant male patients in(M:F=3:1). Most common causes of injury were traffic accidents, 15 patients(62.5%). Associated injuries involved multiple rib fractures, sternal fracture and such. EKG findings on the cardiac concussion were within normal limits, EKG findings on the cardiac contusion were nonspecific ST and T wave abnormality. In cardiac contusion patients, CK-MB fraction did not increase significantly on admission but on 2nd, 3rd, 4th hospital days, it increased significantly (p=0.0080, 0.0130, 0.0130). The average admission days were 9.22 in concussion and 26.18 in contusion patients(p=0.0075). Most common complication was the adult respiratory distress syndrome(7 cases), 5 out of the patients with ARDS were mechanically ventilated. There were no deaths. Conclusion: We believe the serial checks of CK-MB, EKG and subsquent two-dementional echocardiographic sector scanning are presently the most sensitive indicators available for structural and functional cardiac injury.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.316-321
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• 2005

Ameloblastoma is the most common odontogenic tumor of the jawbones, but the origin of this tumor has been remained to be unproven. Cytokeratins (CKs) are specific intermediate filament of epithelial cells, and vimentin is expressed in mesenchymal cells. The immunohistochemical detection of different CKs and vimentin has made it easier to know the origin of tumor. Paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 15 ameloblastomas and 1 ameloblastic carcinoma were used for immunohistochemical evaluation of CK 7, 8, 13, 14, 19 and vimentin. Their expression is evaluated in different tumor cells, which are observed in different type of tumors. In the follicular and reticular subtype, central stellate cells of tumor nests expressed CK 8, 14, 19 and peripheral columnar cells expressed CK 14. CK 7, and 13 were not expressed. Vimentin was detected in fibrous stroma around tumor nest, not in tumor cells. The tumor cells of ameloblastic carcinoma expressed CK 7, 14 and 19, but CK 8 was more weakly stained than that in ameloblastoma. Central stellate cells and peripheral columnar cells of acanthomatous subtype showed same expression pattern with others. Meta plastic squamous cells expressed CK 8, 14, 19 and keratinizing squamous cells expressed CK 13, 19. CK 7 and vimentin were not detected in tumor cells and vimentin was expressed in fibrous stroma. Most of the tumor cells of ameloblastoma showed CK 14 and CK 19 and did not express CK 7 and vimentin. These findings were similar to the immunophenotype of dental lamina. And these results will be beneficial to differential diagnosis of odontogenic tumors and other kind of tumors arising at the oral cavity.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.156-163
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• 2009

Purpose: Doxylamine succinate (DS) is frequently used to treat insomnia and it may induce rhabdomyolysis in the overdose cases. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the factors that can predict the serum creatine kinase (CK) level normalization time for patients with rhabdomyolysis due to DS ingestion. Methods: This study was conducted on 71 patients who were admitted with rhabdomyolysis after DS ingestion during the period from January 2000 to July 2009. Rhabdomyolysis was defined as a serum CK level over 1,000 U/L. The collected data included the general characteristics, the anticholinergic symptoms, the ingested dose, the peak serum CK level, the time interval (TI) from the event to the peak CK level and the TI from the event to a CK level below 1,000 U/L. We evaluated the correlation between the patients' variables and the TI from the event to the peak CK level time and the time for a CK level below 1,000 U/L. Results: The mean ingested dose per body weight (BW) was $30.86{\pm}18.63\;mg/kg$ and the mean TI from the event to treatment was $4.04{\pm}3.67$ hours. The TI from the event to the peak CK level was longer for the patients with a larger ingestion dose per BW (r=0.587, p<0.05). The CK normalization time was longer for the patients with a larger ingested dose per BW (r=0.446, p<0.05) and a higher peak CK level (r=0.634, p<0.05). Conclusion: The ingested dose per BW was correlated with the TI from the event to the peak CK level, and the ingested dose per BW and the peak CK level have significant correlations with the CK normalization time. These factors may be used to determine the discharge period of patients who had rhabdomyolysis following a OS overdose.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.738-745
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• 1994

In order to evaluate the myocardial injury in cardiac valvular and coronary surgery, variables of creatine kinase[CK], myocardial band of CK[CK-MB], lactate dehydrogenase[LDH], aspartate aminotrasferase[AST] were measured in the preoperative[Preop], the operation day[POD0], and the first[POD1], third[POD3], fifth[POD5], seventh[POD7], ninth[POD9] day after operation in 29 patients. The subjects were divided into two groups according to the diseases: group V [valvular disease, n=16] and group C[coronary artery disease, n=13]. Each group was subdivided into two subgroups according to the duration of aortic crossclamping time[ACT]; group VI[ACT 120min, n=7] and group VII[ACT>120min, n=9]; group CI[ACT 120min, n=6] and group CII[ACT>120min, n=7]. The results were as followed 1. The values of CK between group V and group C had no significant difference. The values of CK in group CII were significantly greater than those in group CI and the values of CK in group VII were significantly greater than those in group VI. 2. Percentages of CK-MB between groups had no significant difference. 3. The serum levels of LDH in group V were significantly greater than those in group C. The serum levels of LDH in group VII were significantly greater than those in group VI. 4. The serum levels of AST in group VII were significantly greater than that in group VI. We were concluded that myocardial injury was more related with the duration of aortic cross clamping time rather than the type of diseases.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.713-723
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• 1989

In order to assess the correlation of the myocardial damage and the duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, measurement of creatine kinase [CK], lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], asparatate aminotransferase [AST], and MB band of CK [CK-MB] were carried out on the first, third, fifth, seventh, and ninth day in 44 patients following open heart surgery [POD 1,3,5,7,9]. And the patients were divided into three groups according to the duration of aortic cross clamp time [ACT]: Group I [ACT< 60 minutes. n=19], Group II [60 minutes < ACT< 90 minutes, n=7] and Group III[90 minutes > ACT, n=18]. 1. The leakage of CK in total patients increased to the highest level at POD 1, with rapid decrease and recovery at POD 7. The leakage of CK in Group III were greater than in Group I from POD 1 to POD 3 [P < 0.01]. The recovery time of CK level was shorter in Group I [POD 3] than in Group II and III [POD 7]. 2. The serum levels of LDH in total patients increased to the highest level at POD 1, with slow recovery until POD 9. The levels of LDH in Group III were higher than in Group I until POD 9 [P < 0.005]. The levels of LDH in Group I and II recovered but not in Group III. 3. The serum levels of AST in total patients increased to the highest level at POD 1, with rapid decrease and recovery at POD 7. The levels of AST in Group III were greater than in Group I from POD 1 to POD 5 [P < 0.05]. The recovery time of AST level was shorter in Group I and II [POD 5] than in Group III [POD 7]. 4. The positive cases for CK-MB in 36 patients were 22 [61.1 %] as a whole, 5[41.6%] in Group I, 4[57.1 %] in Group II, 13[76.4 %] in Group III at POD 1, and a case in each group at POD 3, and only a case in Group Ill at POD 5. It is concluded that the myocardial injury was closely related with the duration of cardiopulmonary bypass in open heart surgery.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.189-193
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• 2000

Preservative and antimutagenic effects of green tea leaves added Chinese cabbage kimchi (GK1, GK2, GK3, and GK4 : 1, 2, 3 and 4 of green tea leaves (GTL) in proportion of 100 of salted Chinese cabbage were added to kimchi) were compared to those of the Chinese cabbage kimchi without GTL (control kimchi, CK). Fermentation period of GKs was further delayed than that of CK. The initial pH and acidity between GKs an CK were similar, but the time reach optimally ripened status of kimchi (pH 4.3) was different. CK took 6 days, while GK1, GK2, GK3 and GK4 took 6, 10, 12 and 14 days at 10℃, respectively. The growth of Leuconostoc sp. and Lactobacilus sp. in GKs delayed comparing to those in FCK. Among GKs, as the added amount of green tea leaves increased, the growth of lactic acid bacteria was retarded. The antimutagenic effects of juices from GKs and CK were studied against aflatoxin B₁(AFB₁) in the Ames test on Salmonella typehimurium TA100 and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in the SOS chromotest using E. coli PQ37. Juices from optimally ripened GKs (pH 4.3) showed 52∼76% inhibition rates against the indirect mutagen, aflatoxin B₁ induced mutagenicity while 49% inhibition rate by CK in the Ames test. Juices from GKs and CK showed 44∼67% and 36% inhibition rate against direct mutagen, MNNG (70 ng/assay) induce mutagenicity in the SOS chromotest. Thus GKs delayed fermentation period of kimchi and exhibited higher antimutagenic activity than CK.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.893-898
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• 2017

A TDC(Time-to-Digital Converter) of counter-type is designed by $0.18{\mu}mCMOS$process and the supply voltage is 1.5 volts. The converted error of maximum $T_{CK}$ is occurred by the time difference between the start signal and the clock when the period of clock is $T_{CK}$ in the conventional TDC. And the converted error of -$T_{CK}$ is occurred by the time difference between the stop signal and the clock. However in order to compensate the disadvantage of the conventional TDC the clock is generated within the TDC circuit and the clock is synchronized with the start and stop signals. In the designed TDC circuit the conversion error is not occurred by the difference between the start signal and the click and the magnitude of conversion error is reduced (1/2)$T_{CK}$ by the time difference between the stop signal and the clock.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.13-29
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• 2001

The enzyme activities of creatine kinase (CK), its isoenzyme MB (CK-MB) and of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1 (LD-1) have been used for years in diagnosing patients with chest pain in order to differentiate patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) from non-AMI patients. These methods are easy to perform as automated analyses, but they are not specific for cardiac muscle damage. During the early 90's the situation changed. First, creatine kinase ME mass (CK-MB mass) replaced the measurement of CK-MB activity. Subsequently cardiac-specific proteins, troponin T (cTnT) and troponin I (cTnI) appeared and displacing LD-1 analysis. However, troponin concentrations in blood increase only from four to six hours after onset of chest pain. Therefore a rapid marker such as myoglobin, fatty acid binding protein or glycogen phosphorylase BB could be used in early diagnosis of AMI. On the other hand, CK-MB isoforms alone may also be useful in rapid diagnosis of cardiac muscle damage. Myoglobin, CK-MB mass, cTnT and cTnI are nowadays widely used in diagnosing patients with acute chest pain. Myoglobin is not cardiac-specific and therefore requires supplementation with some other analyses such as troponins to support the myoglobin value. Troponins are very highly cardiac-specific. Only the sera of some patients with severe renal failure, which requires hemodialysis, have elevated cTnT and/or cTnI without there being any evidence of cardiac damage. The latest studies have shown that elevated troponin levels in sera of hemodialysis patients point to an increased risk of future cardiac events in a similar manner to the elevated troponin values in sera of patients with unstable angina pectoris. In addition, the bedside tests for cTnT and cTnI alone- or together with myoglobin and CK-ME mass can be used instead of quantitative analyses in the diagnosis of patients with chest pain. These rapid tests are easy to perform and they do not require expensive instrumentation. For the diagnosis of patient with chest pain, routinely myoglobin and CK-ME mass measurements should be performed whenever they are requested (24 h/day) and cTnT or cTnI on admission to the hospital and then 4-6 and 12 hours later and maintained less than 10% in imprecision.