• 한국방송∙미디어공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국방송공학회 2008년도 추계학술대회
• /
• pp.131-134
• /
• 2008

H.264/AVC 부호화 표준은 움직임 벡터를 부호화하기 위해 인접 블록이 가지는 다수의 움직임 벡터 중에서 확률적으로 해당 움직임 벡터와 가장 유사한 중간값을 예측 움직임 벡터로 사용한다. 이러한 방법은 다수의 움직임 벡터 중에서 어떤 움직임 벡터가 예측값으로 사용되었는지에 대한 추가 정보 없이 비트량을 효과적으로 감소시킬 수 있는 장점이 있으나, 중간값을 이용한 예측 움직임 벡터는 해당 움직임 벡터를 부호화하는데 소요되는 비트량을 항상 최소로 만드는 최적 예측값이 아니라는 단점이 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 다수의 인접 블록이 가지는 움직임 벡터 중에서 특정 움직임 벡터가 예측값으로 사용되었는지 표현하는 정보를 복호화기에 알려주도록 하여 항상 최적의 예측 움직임 벡터를 선택함으로써 부호화 효율을 향상시킬 수 있으나, 이에 대한 추가 정보를 부호화해야 하는 문제점이 발생하게 된다. 본 논문에서는 부호화기가 부호화 효율 측면에서 가장 우수한 움직임 벡터를 예측값으로 선택하고, 이를 복호화기가 스스로 예측함으로써 인접 블록이 가지는 다수의 움직임 벡터 중에서 특정 움직임 벡터가 예측값으로 사용되었는지에 대한 정보없이 움직임 벡터 부호화에 소요되는 비트량을 효과적으로 감소시키는 움직임 벡터 부호화 방법을 제안한다. 제안한 부호화기는 율-왜곡 측면에서 가장 우수한 예측 움직임 벡터를 선택하고, 복호화기는 부호화기가 선택한 예측 움직임 벡터를 정합 기술을 사용하여 스스로 예측한다. 실험 결과는 제안 방법이 QCIF 및 CIF 영상에서 약 2.2%의 전체 비트량을 감소시킬 수 있음을 보여준다.

• 방송공학회논문지
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.50-60
• /
• 1998

본 논문에서는 콤팩트한 동영상 표현과 객체기반의 generic한 동영상압축을 위한 파라미터릭 움직임 모델의 파라미터 추정과 세그맨테이션 기법에 관해서 기술한다. 동영상의 optical flow와 같은 국소적 움직임 정보와 파라미터 움직임 모델의 특징을 이용해서 영상의 콤팩트한 구조적 표현을 추출하기 위해, 본 논문에서는 2 스템의 과정 즉, 초기영역을 추출하는 과정과, 파라미터릭 움직임 파라미터의 추정과 세그맨테이션을 동시에 수행하는 과정으로 구성된 새로운 알고리즘을 제안한다. 혼합 모델이 ML 추정에 의거한 확률적 클러스터링에 의해 움직임 물체의 움직임과 형상을 반영한 초기영역을 추출하고, 파라미터릭 움직임 모델을 사용해서 각각의 초기 영역마다 움직임 파라미터를 추정하고 세그맨테이션을 수행한다. 또한, CIF 표준 동영상을 사용한 모의 실험을 통해 본 제안 알고리즘의 유효성을 평가한다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
• /
• 제29권7C호
• /
• pp.946-953
• /
• 2004

고속 탐색 및 기존의 이진 연산 움직임 추정 알고리즘은 연산량 및 처리시간을 대폭 줄일 수 있지만 전역 탐색 움직임 추정 알고리즘에 비하여 성능이 떨어지는 단점이 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 하드웨어 구현이 용이하고 움직임 추정을 고속으로 수행 할 수 있는 새로운 BC-ABBM 알고리즘을 제안하였다. BC-ABBM 알고리즘은 움직임 추정시 필요한 연산을 이진 연산으로만 수행하면서 전역 탐색에 근접한 성능을 나타낸다. BC-ABBM 알고리즘의 움직임 추정 성능은 QCIF와 CIF 포맷의 100프레임 영상을 이용하여 분석하였다. BC-ABBM 알고리즘의 PSNR 성능은 전역 탐색 알고리즘보다 약 0.04dB 정도 떨어지지만, 고속 탐색 알고리즘 및 기존의 이진 연산 알고리즘보다는 약 0.6∼l.4dB 정도 우수함을 모의실험을 통해 확인하였다.

• 응용통계연구
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.233-241
• /
• 2017

구간 중도 절단 자료는 관측 연구에서 종종 발생되는 생존 자료의 한 유형으로 관심 있는 사건 발생 시간을 정확하게 관측할 수 없는 대신에 이를 포함한 두 관측 시점으로 구성된다. 본 연구의 목적은 경쟁 위험이 구간 중도 절단 자료에서 발생될 경우, 두 그룹의 누적 발생 함수를 비교하기 위한 검정 통계량을 제시하는 것이다. 특히 본 연구에서는 다중 대체 방법을 통해 생성된 자료를 이용하여 검정력과 유의 수준을 구하고자 한다. 모의실험을 통해 제안한 방법이 다양한 경우에서 적절한 결과를 보이는지 검토하였으며 실제 자료 분석의 예로 남녀 그룹의 HIV 발생 함수의 차이를 비교하기 위해 제안한 방법을 적용하였다.

• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제14권
• /
• pp.51-72
• /
• 2000

The International Chamber of Commerce introduced in September 1999 its new publication Incoterms 2000(ICC Publication No 560). The ICC was building on the past experiences in its revision works. I have discussed and commented constructively some main features and problems of the new set of terms. Incoterms 2000 takes into account, like already its predecessor did, the possibility that the parties may decide to communicate electronically and replace a paper transport document by an equivalent electronic data interchange message. This possibility will certainly be much more used under the present set of terms. Incoterms 2000 is well recognised by the international legal community, taking into account also the endorsements by UNCITRAL to its predecessor in the early 90's. Incoterms 2000 does not have major competitors remaining. However, the ICC still faces a battle to convince more traders to refer to its terms and to teach traders to understand and to apply them correctly. Incoterms 2000 is a tool for international trade created by a global business organisation. Its members decide every day if and to what extent they make use of this tool. The members of the ICC have participated actively in the drafting and commenting of Incoterms 2000 and thereby shown again a great deal of dynamism in creating rules for their own everyday use. Under these circumstances, "ship's rail approach" related to delivery point, risks and costs should be replaced by "on board approach" under FOB, CFR and CIF terms.

• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제75권
• /
• pp.49-69
• /
• 2017

Making a international contract of sale is not a simple work. International Trade parties(seller and buyer) may choose trade terms such as FOB or CIF to simplify their contracts and avoid misunderstanding of international commercial practice. Incoterms is the international rules for the interpretation of the trade terms, and firstly regulated by the ICC in 1936. The latest version is Incoterms 2010. Incoterms 2010 governs certain responsibilities between the seller and the buyer under the international contract of sale. Moreover, Incoterms 2010 provides the standard of division of costs relating to contract of carriage. But we should note that Incoterms 2010 is not the part of contract of carriage. The writer points out that there is no consistence principle in distributing the special costs under the contract of carriage like unloading cost from the transport vehicle. To avoid the dispute between the parties, it is more safe for international traders to fully and completely understand on the customs and practice of carriage of goods. Incoterms 2010 provides more detailed method of delivery of goods than CISG and RAFTD. Concerning the method of delivery of goods, CISG and RAFTD simply provide that the seller shall place the goods at the discharge of buyers. The writer suggests the basic principles to allocate the special costs of delivery of goods according to the trade terms under Incoterms 2010.

• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제66권
• /
• pp.75-94
• /
• 2015

The aim of this study is to examine the obligations of delivery of the goods focusing on the methods of delivery under the Incoterms 2010, comparing with CISG. The Incoterms 2010 provides various methods of delivery of the goods under the each rule(11 rules). And it is a little confusing for the parties of the contract of sales. This study reviewed specific methods of delivery of the goods with the view of practitioner. The purpose of Incoterms is to avoid misunderstanding of the contract of sales and to promote the international transactions. The uncertainties of the Incoterms 2010 shall cause disputes between the parties. Especially, when vehicles are used to pick up and deliver the goods, which party is responsible for the loading and unloading the goods. Under the D-term, which party is responsible for unloading the goods from the vehicle reached at the named place of destination is a little confusing. This study suggest some ideas on the specific methods of delivery to mitigate uncertainties and accept current practices at the field. Firstly, under the EXW rule, the seller must deliver the goods on the arriving means of transport at the seller's premises. Secondly, under the FCA rule, the seller must deliver the goods unloaded at the other place except seller's premises. Thirdly, under the CPT, CIP rules, the seller must deliver the goods unloaded irrespective of the mode of transport at the place of destination. Fourthly, the FOB, CFR, CIF rules must adapt the container transport practice.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
• /
• 제11권11호
• /
• pp.5223-5242
• /
• 2017

In the last decade, the 2.4 GHz band of IEEE 802.11 WLANs has become heavily congested due to the explosive increase in demand of Wi-Fi connectivity. With the current deployment of enterprise WLANs, channel switching mechanism continues to exhibit inefficiencies because it cannot adapt to real-time channel condition and the inability to support seamless channel switching. Software Defined Networking (SDN) as an emerging architecture is promising to introduce flexibility and programmability for wireless network management. Leveraging SDN to existing enterprise WLANs, channel switching method can be improved significantly. This paper presents a software-defined enterprise WLAN framework with a load aware automatic channel switching solution, which utilizes AP load and channel interference factor (CIF) to provide seamless channel switching. Two automatic channel switching algorithms named Single Switch (SS) and Double Switch (DS) are proposed to improve the overall user experience and the experience of users with highest traffic load respectively. Experiment results demonstrate that our solution can efficiently improve user experience in terms of jitter, transmission delay and network throughout when compared to the conventional channel switching mechanism.

• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제64권
• /
• pp.3-37
• /
• 2014

The purpose of this paper is to examine thoroughly on passing of risk in contracts for the international sale of goods. Articles 66~70 of the CISG contain provisions on passing of risk. Article 66 states the main effect of passing risk to the buyer. Article 67~69 determine the decisive point in time which the risk passes from the seller to the buyer and article 70 attempts to explain the relation between passing of risk and fundamental breach of contract by the seller. As in the case corresponding Incoterms rules, the main issue to be resolved is which party should bear the economic consequences in the event that the goods are accidentally lost, damages or destroyed. Many cases also apply CISG articles 66~70 to contracts in which parties not agree on the use of trade terms such as CIF, CFR, FOB and FCA in Incoterms[R] 2010 Rule that provide for when the risk passes. In order to minimize disputes that may arise under contract, when drawing up a contracts for the international sale of goods, the specifics of agreement should be clearly stipulated. Consequently, the parties of contracts for the international sale of goods should take adequate measures, and it is required to prepare the contracts clearly as the specific terms to prevent and resolve contractual disputes on passing of risk.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• 제7권10호
• /
• pp.461-470
• /
• 2020

The objective of this research is to examine the factors affecting the decision-making of International Commercial Terms (Incoterms) of automotive parts manufacturers in Thailand. This mixed method study applied qualitative and quantitative research methods and utilized the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to prioritize the significance of the factors. By an in-depth literature review and expert interview, four main criteria were identified. These criteria include Operating costs, Cooperation and bargaining power, Knowledge and understanding and Operation duration then main criteria divided into fifteen sub-criteria. The common Incoterms, Ex Works (EXW), Free On Board (FOB), Free Carrier (FCA), and Cost, Insurance and Freight (CIF), were determined as alternatives to the incoterms through a preliminary survey. The results revealed that the operating costs were the most important factor for the company. Moreover, it was discovered that this was consistent with the priority of the secondary factors, which included the annual budget for the transportation expenses and product value at one time. The respondents' perspective suggested that FCA was the most appropriate Incoterms for international trade for a company. The findings of this research suggest a hierarchy model for organizations to prioritize the significant factors in order to make a decision on the most appropriate Incoterms.