• IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.265-271
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• 2015

This study proposes an algorithm for recognizing apple trees in images and detecting apples to measure the number of apples on the trees. The proposed algorithm explores whether there are apple trees or not based on the number of image block-unit edges, and then it detects apple areas. In order to extract colors appropriate for apple areas, the CIE $L^*a^*b^*$ color space is used. In order to extract apple characteristics strong against illumination changes, modified census transform (MCT) is used. Then, using the AdaBoost learning algorithm, characteristics data on the apples are learned and generated. With the generated data, the detection of apple areas is made. The proposed algorithm has a higher detection rate than existing pixel-based image processing algorithms and minimizes false detection.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.221-228
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• 2020

We developed an all-fiber RGB laser light source module for application in an automobile head-up display. It is based on laser diodes and an optical fiber combiner that substantially enhances the flexibility of configuration and stability against harsh working conditions for automobiles. We coupled 13 laser diodes with optical fibers and merged them into a single output with a beam combiner device. Red (R), green (G), and blue (B) laser sources were employed to produce primary colors that were mixed into a white light output. An optical output power of approximately 1.5 W was achieved, and the color balance of the output lights was assessed based on the CIE 1931 color space. The optical output power was shown to be stable for over 160 h within an optical fluctuation of less than 0.27%.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.223-232
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• 2014

The feasibility of a virtual colored overlay is based on constraints of computer and user preference and it is evaluated for people with Scotopic Sensitivity Syndrome. We draw ${\alpha}$ and chromaticities of virtual colored overlay which will be implemented on IT devices by measuring optical characteristics of 2 representative film overlays and simulating them. We analyzed the influence of two illuminating conditions on the virtual colored overlay. We find that it is possible to get the multiple combinations of alpha and source RGB values to match a chromaticity which is presented in CIE-Luv color space under ideal white condition of display, a user can select one among them with respect to clarity and comfort. Under 100 lx difference of illumination conditions, the changes of chromaticities are negligible, but luminances are increased $37.8cd/m^2$ average(std 2.006) at high illumination condition.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.21-28
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• 2013

This paper proposes an effective fire detection approach that includes the following multiple heterogeneous algorithms: moving region detection using grey level histograms, color segmentation using fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM), feature extraction using a grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), and fire classification using support vector machine (SVM). The proposed approach determines the optimal threshold values based on grey level histograms in order to detect moving regions, and then performs color segmentation in the CIE LAB color space by applying the FCM. These steps help to specify candidate regions of fire. We then extract features of fire using the GLCM and these features are used as inputs of SVM to classify fire or non-fire. We evaluate the proposed approach by comparing it with two state-of-the-art fire detection algorithms in terms of the fire detection rate (or percentages of true positive, PTP) and the false fire detection rate (or percentages of true negative, PTN). Experimental results indicated that the proposed approach outperformed conventional fire detection algorithms by yielding 97.94% for PTP and 4.63% for PTN, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.473-479
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to recover the CIE XYZ tristimulus values of original colors from scanner output signals, and to reproduce true colors on the monitor. The process of this study is composed of three steps; scanner characterization, chromatic adaptation transformation, and color space transformation between and sRGB. Especially, in the process of recovery, scanner stimuli were obtained accurately by dividing the non-linear photometric response curve into two parts. As the result of test to EPSON Expression 1680 scanner, the average color difference between true and recovered XYZ for 228 target colors, 22 test neutrals, and 36 test colors were 1.49, 0.97, and 1.42 $\Delta$ $E_{UV}$ *, respectively. With the transformation from illuminant D50 to illuminant D65, the input signals to sRGB monitor were predicted. Finally, it could be found that displayed colors with predicted input signals were very consistent with true colors. with true colors.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to evaluate the color stability of new silorane-based composite resin compared with methacrylate-based composite resins after immersion in 3 staining solutions. One silorane-based composite(Filtek P90) and 3 methacrylate -based composites(Filtek Z250, Filtek Z350, Tetric Ceram) were evaluated. Twenty disk-shaped specimens($10{\times}2mm$) of each of 4 composite resins were prepared. The specimens were then divided into 4 groups of 5 specimens each and immersed in 3 staining solutions( coffee, red wine, curry solution) or distilled water(control) for 28-day test period. Color of the specimens was measured with a spectrophotometer(Color Eye 7000A) using CIE $L^*a^*b^*$ color space relative to CIE standard illuminant D65 at baseline, 1day, 3days, 7days, 14days, 21days and 28days after staining. The color differences( ${\Delta}{E^*}_{ab}$) were calculated. The results were obtained as follows ; 1. The mean color changes(${\Delta}{E^*}_{ab}$) of the composites were greatest in curry solution, then red wine, coffee and distilled water, in decreasing order. 2. The mean color changes(${\Delta}{E^*}_{ab}$) of the composites were greatest in Z350, Z250, Tetric Ceram and P90, in decreasing order.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2019

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of polishing methods on the color stability of composite resins. Materials and Methods: Two bulk-fill and four conventional resin composites were filled in cylindrical molds (6 mm diameter, 4 mm height) and light-cured. The specimens were stored in $34^{\circ}C$ distilled water for 24 h. Spectrophotometer was used to determine the color value according to the CIE $L^*a^*b^*$ color space. Each group was divided into three groups according to polishing methods (n = 5). Group 1 was control group (Mylar strip group), group 2 was polished with PoGo, and group 3 was polished with Sof-Lex Spiral wheels. Color evaluation was performed weekly for 4 weeks after immersion in $34^{\circ}C$ distilled water. The results were analyzed by generalized least squares method (P < 0.05). Results: Generalized least squares analysis revealed that Sof-Lex Spiral wheels group showed the significantly lower ${\Delta}E$ values compared to PoGo and control group (P < 0.05). The ${\Delta}E$ values of polished group showed the significantly lower than the ${\Delta}E$ values of unpolished group (P < 0.05). Regarding color changes of composite resins, there was no significant difference between the ${\Delta}E$ values of Filtek Z250 and Filtek Z350 XT Universal restorative in all time intervals (P < 0.05). Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill showed the significantly lower ${\Delta}E$ values compared to other composite resins in 1, 2, 3 weeks (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, polishing methods influence the color stabilities of composite resins. The group polished with Sof-Lex Spiral Wheels showed more resistance to discoloration than group polished with PoGo.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.35 no.4C
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• pp.350-357
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• 2010

In this paper, we present an auto-range fast bilateral filter (FBF) for high-dynamic-range (HDR) images, which increases computation speed by using adaptive standard deviations for range filter (RF) of FBF in iCAM06. Many images that cover the entire dynamic range of the scene with different exposure times are fused into one High Dynamic Range (HDR) image. The representative algorithm for HDR image rendering is iCAM06, which is based on the iCAM framework, such as the local white point adaptation, chromatic adaptation, and the image processing transform (IPT) uniform color space. FBF in iCAM06 uses constant standard deviation in RF. So, it causes unnecessary FBF computation in high stimulus range with broad and low distribution. To solve this problem, the low stimulus image and high stimulus image of CIE tri-stimulus values (XYZ) divided by the threshold are respectively processed by adaptive standard deviation based on its histogram distribution. Experiment results show that the proposed method reduces computation time than the previous FBF.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.483-490
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• 2012

Ready-to-eat chicken breasts were packaged in a multilayer, gas-tight tray with top film and various quality changes were investigated during the 24 wk of storage at $10^{\circ}C$. Over the storage period, total aerobes, mesophilic aerobic and anaerobic spore formers, and Clostridium spp. were not detected above 1.0 log CFU/g (detection limit). The residual oxygen ratio in the head space of tray and pH values tended to decrease with storage time, namely from initial values of 5.7% and 6.56 to 3.3% and 6.34 at week 24, respectively. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and volatile basic nitrogen values increased from 0.52 mg malonaldehyde (MA)/kg and 2.1 mg/100 g initially, to 3.70 mg MA/kg and 39.9 mg/100 g at week 24, respectively. In terms of the change in meat color during storage, the samples showed a slight increasing trend of CIE $a^*$, $b^*$, and ${\Delta}E$ values over the storage period until week 24 (p<0.05). The change in brine color showed a similar trend with meat of which Hunter $b^*$ and ${\Delta}E$ values increased slightly during storage during 24 wk (p<0.05). The values for the transmittance degree of brine in the samples tended to decrease. Moreover, values for the absorbance degree tended to increase with storage time until week 24. The sensory scores for color, texture, odour, and flavour were evaluated below 5.0 (marketability level) after 24 wk of storage. Based on this sensory evaluation, it could be concluded that retorted RTE chicken breast could remain marketable for at least 20 wk at $10^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.18-26
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• 2010

Outdoor lighting has become a necessary essential part of society for safety and comfortable space. However, inappropriate outdoor lighting leads to energy waste and poor landscape. Outdoor lighting is a very important social element, which enables us to conduct various activities at night in a safe, efficient and comfort way. River Thames in UK, Venice in Italy and Sydney in Australia is a good example of the coastal area. This paper aims to evaluate the light pollution of outdoor lighting in coastal area in Busan city. The Radiant Imaging ProMetric-1400 was used to measure the luminance of Gwangalli Beach, Marine City and Haeundae Beach. Compare to the CIE recommendation level the luminance of the all outdoor lighting were about 2~20 times higher. Outdoor lighting of the building facade luminance level and color should be particularly limited.