• 한국안전학회지
• /
• 제29권6호
• /
• pp.9-14
• /
• 2014

Recently many efforts and researches have been done to cope with industrial facilities that require a low energy machines due to the gradual depletion of the natural resources. The fiber-reinforced composite materials in general have good properties and have the proper mechanical properties according to the change of the ply sequences and fiber distribution types. However, in the fiber-reinforced composite material, there are several problems, including fiber breaking, peeling, layer lamination, fiber cracking that can not be seen from the metallic material. Particularly, the fracture and delamination are likely to be affected by the thickness of the stacking laminates when the bi-material laminated structure is subjected to a load of the mixed mode. In this study, we investigated the effect of the thickness ratio of the difference in the CFRP/GFRP bi-material laminate composites by measuring the cracking behavior and the AE characteristics in a mixed mode loading, which may be generated in the actual structure. The results show that the thickness of the CFRP becomes more thick, the mode I energy release rate becomes a larger, and also the influence of mode I is greater than that of mode II. In addition, AE amplitude which shows the level of the damage in the structure was obtained the more damage in the CFRP with the thin thickness.

• Composites Research
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 1999

Al2024-T3 판재에 카본/에폭시(carbon/epoxy) 라미네이트를 섬유배열 방향 $0^{\circ}$/$90^{\circ}$ 및 $\pm$$45^{\circ}$로 2 Plies 보강하여 CPAL(Carbon Patched ALuminum alloy)재를 제작하고, 응력비 R=0.2, 0.5에서 피로균열전파 실험을 실시하였다. X-Ray와 초음파 C-Scan 장비를 이용하여 A/2024-T3 판재의 균열과 CFRP 라미네이트 박리 거동을 조사하여 피로균열 지연 거동과 지연기구(mechanism)를 연구하였다. A/2024-T3 시험편에 비해서 CPAL 시험편은 피로균열전파속도가 현저하게 지연되었으며, 지연 정도는 $0^{\circ}$/$90^{\circ}$ CPAL이 $\pm$$45^{\circ}$ CPAL 시험편보다 크고, 응력비 R=0.2에서 응력비 R=0.5보다 크게 나타났다. CPAL 시험편의 피로균열 지연 효과는 균열후방의 박리 및 비박리 CFRP 라미네이트가 A/2024-T3 판재의 균열열림(COD)을 감소시키는 균열브리징미케니즘(crack bridging medhanism) 때문에 발생함을 확인하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제47권6호
• /
• pp.819-838
• /
• 2013

This paper summarises the results of an experimental study to investigate the flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams strengthened using carbon-fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminate in four-point bending. The experimental parameters included are the reinforcing bar ratio ${\rho}_s$ and preload level. Four bar ratios were selected (${\rho}_s=0.13$ to 0.86%), representing the section of two longitudinal tensile reinforcements, with diameters of 8, 14, 16, and 20 mm in order to reveal the effect of bar ratio on failure load and failure mode. Eight beams that could be considered "full-scale" in size, measuring 200 mm in width, 400 mm in total height and 2300 mm in length, were tested. Three beams were selected with different bar ratios (${\rho}_1$, ${\rho}_2$, ${\rho}_3$), and considered as control specimens (without ), while three other beams identical to the control beams with the same CFRP laminates ratio and a seventh beam with ${\rho}_{min}$ (the lowest bar ratio) were also used. In the second part of the study, two beams with the bar ratio ${\rho}_2$ were preloaded at two levels, 50 and 100% of their ultimate loads, and then repaired. This experimental investigation was consolidated using an analytical model. The experimental and analytical results indicate that the flexional capacity and stiffness of strengthened and repaired beams using CFRP laminate were increased compared to those of control beams, and the behaviour of repaired beams was nearly similar to the undamaged and strengthened beams; unlike the ductility of strengthened beams, which was greatly reduced compared to the control.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.327-341
• /
• 2017

Openings in slabs are usually required for many different applications such as aeriation ducts and air conditioning. Opening in concrete slabs due to cutouts significantly decrease the member stiffness. There are different techniques to strengthen slabs with opening cutouts. This study presents experimental and numerical investigations on the use of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) as strengthening material to strengthen and restore the load carrying capacity of R.C. slabs after having cutout in the hogging moment region. The experimental program consisted of testing five (oneway spanning R.C. flat slabs) with overhang. All slabs were prismatic, rectangular in cross-section and nominally 2000 mm long, 1000 mm width, and 100 mm thickness with a clear span (distance between supports) of 1200 mm and the overhang length is 700 mm. All slabs were loaded up to 30 kN (45% of ultimate load for reference slab, before yielding of the longitudinal reinforcement), then the load was kept constant during cutting concrete and steel bars (producing cut out). After that operation, slabs were loaded till failure. An analytical study using finite element analysis (FEA) is performed using the commercial software ANSYS. The FEA has been validated and calibrated using the experimental results. The FE model was found to be in a good agreement with the experimental results. The investigated key parameters were slab aspect ratio for the opening ratios of [1:1, 2:1], CFRP layers and the laminates widths, positions for cutouts and the CFRP configurations around cutouts.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제51권5호
• /
• pp.509-527
• /
• 2024

Bonding carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates have been extensively employed in the restoration of steel constructions. In addition to the mechanical properties of the CFRP, the bond strength (P_U) between the CFRP and steel is often important in the eventual strengthened performance. Nonetheless, the bond behavior of the CFRP-steel (CS) interface is exceedingly complicated, with multiple failure causes, giving the P_U challenging to forecast, and the CFRP-enhanced steel structure is unsteady. In just this case, appropriate methods were established by hybridized Random Forests (RF) and support vector regression (SVR) approaches on assembled CS single-shear experiment data to foresee the P_U of CS, in which a recently established optimization algorithm named Aquila optimizer (AO) was used to tune the RF and SVR hyperparameters. In summary, the practical novelty of the article lies in its development of a reliable and efficient method for predicting bond strength at the CS interface, which has significant implications for structural rehabilitation, design optimization, risk mitigation, cost savings, and decision support in engineering practice. Moreover, the Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test was performed to depict each parameter's impact on the target. The order of parameter importance was t_c> L_c > E_A > t_A > E_c > b_c > f_c > f_A from largest to smallest by 0.9345 > 0.8562 > 0.79354 > 0.7289 > 0.6531 > 0.5718 > 0.4307 > 0.3657. In three training, testing, and all data phases, the superiority of AO - RF with respect to AO - SVR and MARS was obvious. In the training stage, the values of R² and VAF were slightly similar with a tiny superiority of AO - RF compared to AO - SVR with R² equal to 0.9977 and VAF equal to 99.772, but large differences with results of MARS.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제18권10호
• /
• pp.688-695
• /
• 2017

CFRP는 금속에 비해 가벼우면서 강도 및 강성과 내열성 등 기계적 특성이 매우 뛰어나 다양한 분야에서 사용되어지고 있으며 최근 우주항공 분야에 까지 사용되어지고 있지만 외부 충격하중으로 인하여 내부에 발생되는 손상에 대해서는 매우 취약한 단점을 보이고 있다. 본 연구는 외부 충격을 받은 CFRP 적층판의 내부 충격손상에 대해 반복적인 사용에 따른 파괴에 이르기까지의 강도를 고찰함으로써 우주항공 분야에 사용되는 항공기 외판의 설계를 위한 설계 데이터를 확보하기 위한 실험적 연구이다. 실험 빙법으로는 적층구성을 달라하여 제작된 의사등방형 CFRP 시험편과 직교이방성 CFRP 시험편에 대해 직경 5mm의 강구를 충돌시킴으로써 발생하는 충격손상을 관찰한 후 3점 굽힘피로실힘을 통하여 내부 층간분리 및 충격손상의 진전을 관찰하였다. 시험편 내부의 파괴가 발생하기 까지 굽힘피로실험에 따른 굽힘피로강도를 고찰한 결과 강구에 의해 충격을 받은 면이 인장을 받는 경우와 충격을 받는 경우 모두 의사등방성 적층구성의 강도가 높게 나타남을 알 수 있었다.

• Design & Manufacturing
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.6-11
• /
• 2016

Designed patterns of slit are introduced to the uni-directional (UD) prepreg in order to enhance the formability of the carbon/epoxy composites without wrinkling and laddering. Three different types of the slit alignment along the thickness direction are applied to analyse the deformation behavior during the compression moulding process of laminates. Degrees of the slit open and the mechanical strength are evaluated based on the level of the compaction pressure in the course of forming process. Results have shown that the mechanical strength of laminates having slits could attain at least 80% of the conventional ones without slits. However, further studies are required to identify the direct relevance of the slit alignment in laminate to the mechanical properties.

• Advances in concrete construction
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.145-154
• /
• 2019

The present experimental study addresses the structural response of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened in shear. Thirteen RC beams were divided into four different sets to investigate the effect of transverse and longitudinal steel reinforcement ratios, concrete compressive strength change and orientation for installing carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates. Then, we employed a shear strengthening solution through externally bonded reinforcement in grooves (EBRIG) and externally bonded reinforcement (EBR) techniques. In this regard, rectangular beams of $200{\times}300{\times}2000mm$ dimensions were subjected to the 4-point static loading condition and their load-displacement curves, load-carrying capacity and ductility changes were compared. The results revealed that using EBRIG method, the gain percentage augmented with the increase in the longitudinal reinforcement ratio. Also, in the RC beams with stirrups, the gain in shear strength decreased as transverse reinforcement ratio increased. The results also revealed that the shear resistance obtained by the experimental tests were in acceptable agreement with the design equations. Besides, the results of this research indicated that using the EBRIG system through vertical grooves in RC beams with and without stirrups caused the energy absorption to increase about 85% and 97%, respectively, relative to the control.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• 제14권5호
• /
• pp.811-830
• /
• 2014

A numerical study has been carried out to simulate an innovative monitoring procedure to detect and localize damage in reinforced concrete beams retrofitted with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) unidirectional laminates. The main novelty of the present simulation is its ability to conduct the electromechanical admittance monitoring technique by considerably compressing the amount of data required for damage detection and localization. A FEM simulation of electromechanical admittance-based sensing technique was employed by applying lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducers to acquire impedance spectrum signatures. Response surface methodology (RSM) is finally adopted as a tool for solving inverse problems to estimate the location and size of damaged areas from the relationship between damage and electromechanical admittance changes computed at PZT transducer surfaces. This statistical metamodel technique allows polynomial models to be produced without requiring complicated modeling or numerous data sets after the generation of damage, leading to considerably lower cost of creating diagnostic database. Finally, a numerical example is carried out regarding a steel-reinforced concrete (RC) beam model monotonically loaded up to its failure which is also retrofitted by a CFRP laminate to verify the validity of the present metamodeling monitoring technique. The load-carrying capacity of concrete is predicted in the present paper by utilizing an Ottosen-type failure surface in order to better take into account the passive confinement behavior of retrofitted concrete material under the application of FRP laminate.

• 비파괴검사학회지
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.323-330
• /
• 2009

본 연구의 목적은 전기 저항 측정을 통한 탄소 섬유 강화 복합재의 파손 감지를 위한 효과적인 방법을 개발하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 복합재 적층판에 특정 파손을 인위적으로 모사하고 전기 저항의 변화와 모사된 파손과의 관계를 정립하려 하였다. 많은 량의 측정치를 효과적으로 처리하기 위하여 자동화된 측정 시스템을 개발하였다. 전기 저항 측정을 위하여 시편 표면에 전극을 제작하는 방법을 개발하였다. 쿠폰과 평판형태의 탄소 섬유 강화 복합재 적층 시편에 인위적인 파손을 부과하고 전기 저항을 측정하고 그 결과를 후처리하는 과정으로 파손을 검출하였다. 쿠폰 형태의 시편은 제작시에 다양한 크기의 테플론 필름을 삽입하여 층간 분리를 모사하였다. 전기 저항 측정 결과 층간 분리 크기가 증가함에 따라 전기 저항도 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 이를 통해 층간 분리의 존재와 그 크기를 검출할 수 있음을 보였다. 평판 시편은 초기에는 인위적인 파손 없이 제작하여 전기저항을 측정하고, 이후 특정 위치에 원공을 뚫고 원공의 직경을 증가시켜 가며 전기저항의 변화를 관찰하였다. 실험에 사용한 평판은 각 변에 6개의 전극을 설치하여 총 24개의 전극을 갖도록 하였으며 수직, 수평, 대각선 방향의 전극간의 전기 저항을 측정하였다. 측정 결과는 탄소 섬유 강화 복합재 구조물의 파손 검출을 위하여 전기 저항 측정법의 가능성을 보였다.