• Digital Contents
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• no.7 s.158
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• pp.71-77
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• 2006

2004년 전세계 온라인 음악시장규모는 41억4,100만달러규모에 달했으며, 2005년에는 전년동기대비 63.0% 성장한 67억4,800만달러에 이른 것으로 추정된다. 또한 2010년에는 연평균35.0% 성장해 302억3,100만달러에 달할 것으로 전망된다. 이처럼 온라인 음악시장이 기존음반시장에 비해 향후 전망이 긍정적인 까닭은 2003년 ‘iTunes’의 성공으로 인해 음반회사들의 온라인음악에 대한 인식이 전환되었기 때문이다. 전세계 주요음반회사들은 디지털화된음악파일을 CD를 대신하는 새로운형태로 인정하기 시작했고, 새로운 수익창출부문으로 활용하기 시작했다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.68-76
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• 2000

A total of 290 pork loins were selected to include a wide variation of quality to investigate the quality categories into which most pork falls, selection criteria for these categories and methods to objectively assess ultimate pork quality. They were probed at 24 h postmortem (PM) for the following: A) light reflectance by Danish Meat Quality Marbling (MQM), Hennessy Grading Probe (HGP) and Sensoptic Invasive Probe (SIP); B) electrical properties by NWK LT-K21 conductivity (NLT) and Sensoptic Resistance Probe (SRP): and C) pH by NWK pH-K21 (NpH). Also, measurements of % drip loss (PDL) and filter paper wetness (FPW), color brightness (L*), ultimate pH (pHu), lipid content, subjective color (SC), firmness/wetness (SF) and marbling scores (SM) were assessed. Each loin was categorized as either pale, soft and exudative (PSE), reddish-pink, soft and exudative (RSE), reddish-pink, firm and non-exudative (RFN) or dark, firm and dry (DFD). Statistically comparing coefficients of determination (CD), the results indicated that overall, the HGP predicted quality groups slightly better than MQM (CD=71 and 62% respectively), NpH and SRP were less effective (CD= 56 and 44% respectively), and SIP and NLT had the lowest values (CD=36 and 5% respectively). Combining various independent variable did not greatly improve the variation accounted for. When the data was sorted into marbling groups based on lipid content, this was not accurately predicted by any of the probe measurements. The MQM probe remained the best predictor for marbling class and accounted for about 25% of the lipid content variation. This was slightly improved to 33% when pHu was combined with MQM.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.673-680
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• 2013

Phosphorus accumulating microorganisms (PAOs) are influenced by various environmental factors and heavy metals. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of the selected heavy metals on the growth and phosphorus removal capacity of Bacillus sp. 3434 BRRJ, Pseudomonas aerunogisa, and Bacillus Subtilis, well known as PAOs. The heavy metals used in this study included Cu, Cd, As, and Zn. The $IC_{50}$ (median inhibition concentration) values of Bacillus sp. 3434 BRRJ for the Cu, Cd, As, and Zn were 8.07 mg $L^{-1}$, 0.18 mg $L^{-1}$, 73.62 mg $L^{-1}$ and 0.25 mg $L^{-1}$, respectively. The $IC_{50}$ values of Pseudomonas aerunogisa for the Cu, Cd, As, and Zn were 4.45 mg $L^{-1}$, 0.16 mg $L^{-1}$, 18.51 mg $L^{-1}$ and 2.34 mg $L^{-1}$, respectively. The $IC_{50}$ values of Bacillus Subtilis for the Cu, Cd, As, and Zn were 3.81 mg $L^{-1}$, 0.18 mg $L^{-1}$, 11.31 mg $L^{-1}$ and 0.47 mg $L^{-1}$, respectively. The phosphorus removal efficiencies of the three bacteria, Bacillus sp. 3434 BRRJ, Pseudomonas aerunogisa, and Bacillus subtilis were 93.12%, 71.81%, and 65.31%, respectively. Based on the results of the three PAOs obtained from the study, it appears that Bacillus sp. 3434BRRJ may have the best results in terms of their growth rate and P removal efficiencies.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.3 no.2 s.5
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• pp.91-98
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• 1988

This study was carried out to investigate the Pollution of heavy metals in Soil, collected from the 50 sampling sites in 1986. The results were as follows; 1. In the average contents of Cd, the highest value was 0.33mg/kg in the Industrial area, the lowest value was 0.06 mg/kg in the Greenbelt and 0.10-0.22mg/kg in the other areas. 2. In the average contents of Cu, the highest value was 33.46mg/kg in the Industrial area, the lawest value was 3.79mg/kg in the Greenbelt and 4.69-12.21mg/kg in the other areas. 3. In the average contents of As, the highest value was 1.80mg kg in the Residential area, the lowest value was 0.43mg/kg in the Greenbelt and 0.64-1.65mg/kg in the other areas. 4. In the average contents of Zn, the highest value was 29.84mg/kg in the out wall of Seoul, the lowest value was 17.32mg/kg in the Greenbelt and 19.62-26.71mg/kg in the other areas. 5. In the average contents of Pb, the highest value was 17.09mg/kg in the Industrial area, the lowest value was 5.21mg/kg in the Reclamated waste and 5.67 -14.10mg/kg in the other areas. 6. Distribution of Heavy metals was Zn>Cu>Pb>As>Cd and the relations of Zn-Cd, Pb-Cd, Pb-Cu, Pb-Zn were shown the correlation significantly (P< 0.01).

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.18C no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2011

Financial accidents such as password exposure of credit cards or bankbooks occur often when a password is inputted to ATM/CD(Automated Teller Machines and Cash Dispenser), so particular attention is required when inputting a password. This study suggested a method to input a password safely to prevent stealing a glance at a password in case of the use of ATM/CD. The method is that users input a password when numbers are randomly displayed and disappear not to notice the password even though someone is next to or behind the users. As methods to input a password safely, the study verified safety by dividing the methods into a test of shoulder surfing, an intuitive perspective, and a theoretical analysis. In addition, the result of implementation to apply the method to ATM/CD shows that a percentage of acquiring a password from the attack of shoulder surfing is found to be lower than an existing method, so password exposure can be prevented.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.431-443
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• 2000

The purpose of this experimental study is to investigate seasonal deposition flux variations and deposition velocities of the total dusfall and various inorganic elements in it. Total 41 dustfall and TSP samples were collected from November, 1997 through December, 1998 in Kunsan. Each sample was analyzed by and AAS to determine he levels of 5 inorganic elements: Zn, Cd, Cr, Fe and Pb. Deposition fluxes, soluble/total fractions and deposition velocities for each element were extensively investigated. Estimated dry deposition fluxes of dustfall and elements in Kunsan were in the range of 14.6~48.8(mean 25.6) ton/$\textrm{km}^2$/yr for dustfall, 14.5~72.6(mean 44.1)kg/$\textrm{km}^2$/yr for Zn, 0.9~0.5(mean 3.0) kg/$\textrm{km}^2$/yr for Cd, 2.1~239.2(mean 63.9) kg/$\textrm{km}^2$/yr for Cr, 331.6~1,082.7(mean 873.9) kg/$\textrm{km}^2$/yr for Fe, 5.2~178.4(mean 49.2) kg/$\textrm{km}^2$/yr for Pb, respectively. And the concentra-tion of TSP and elements in Kunsan were 71$\mu\textrm{g}/m^3$ for TSP, $29.9ng/m^3$ for Zn, $0.6ng/m^3$ for Cd, $0.1 ng/m^3$ for Cr, $1,061.0 ng/m^3$ for Fe, $4.0 ng/m^3$ for Pb, respectively. And the estimated deposition velocity of dustfall and elements in Kunsan were 1.13$\times$ 10(sup)-2 cm/sec for dustfall, 4.67$\times$ 10(sup)-2 cm/sec for Zn, 16.92 cm/sec for Cd, 15.69 cm/sec for Cr, 1.72$\times$ 10(sup)-2 cm/sec for Fe, 0.36 cm/sec for Pb, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.48-56
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• 2011

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a mesenchymal tumor and is associated with a specific immunophenotype index. It is very important to identify the specific immunophenotype and the diagnosis for the treatment GIST patients. Ninety two cases of GIST analyzed in this study were immuno-stained for c-kit, DOG1, CD34, PKC-${\theta}$, PDGFR-${\alpha}$. The rate of positive staining and statistical significance were then compared. In addition, the GISTs were analyzed as followings: very low risk, low risk, intermediate risk and high risk according to tumor size and nuclear division, and later correlated with clinical parameters. The results of the GIST positive stainings were: DOG1 (95.7%), PKC-${\theta}$ (90.2%), PDGFR-${\alpha}$ (88.0%), c-kit (87.0%) and CD34 (71.7%). Only DOG1 staining showed a statistical significance of p<0.05. It was identified in the classification system of histologic risk that staining expression of DOG1, PKC-${\theta}$, PDGFR-${\alpha}$ were significantly increased as histologic risk increases (p<0.05). However, clinical parameters such as age and sex of patients have no correlations with the classification system of histologic risk (p>0.05). Therefore, in this study, the expression of DOG1 showed statistical significance and DOG1, PKC-${\theta}$, PDGFR-${\alpha}$ staining increased significantly as the histologic risk increases in histologic classification system. Taken together, the DOG1 staining should be very effective for the diagnosis of GIST patients.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.261-270
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• 1996

To investigate the degree of contamination from Korean coastal region, the concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd in sediments, seawater and oyster (Crassostrea gigas) at Masan Bay, Onsan Bay, Daesan industrial complex and their control areas were analysed. Values for sediments, seawater and oyster in the industrial complex coastal region were higher than those in the control area except for seawater in Daesan. The values for dissolved phasc of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd in seawater showed 0.3~1.75 ${\mu}g/l$, 0.013~0.12 ${\mu}g/l$, 0.20~6.14 ${\mu}g/l$ and 0.007~0.021 ${\mu}g/l$, respectively. The concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd in sediments werd 12.0~47.8 ${\mu}g/g$, 6.16~59.5 ${\mu}g/g$, 43.0~230 ${\mu}g/g$ and 0.52~11.2 ${\mu}g/g$, respectively. The concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd in oyster showed 12.1~85.6 ${\mu}g/g$, 0.267~1.48 ${\mu}g/g$, 1, 070~3, 250 ${\mu}g/g$ and 3.23~7.71 ${\mu}g/g$, respectively. The contents of heavy metals in oysters at industrial complex coastal region showed that they were not seriously contaminated compared with those of Mussel Watch (1992).

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.22-33
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• 1992

In Iri industrial area, Heavy metals in ait of the factories, 10 metal and 8 non-metal factories, were examined for ten months(from Feb. to Nov, 1991). The methals in blood, urin and hair of 232 employees who have worked in the factories were also examined at the same time The results are summarized as follows 1. Heavy metals Pb, Cd and Mn in the metal factories were 0.031mg/m$^{3}$, 0.0065mg/m$^{3}$, and 0. 035mg/m$^{3}$ respectively, but 0.017mg/m$^{3}$, 0.021mg/m$^{3}$ and 0.014mg/m$^{3}$ in non-metal factories. 2. Heavy metals such as Pb, Cd and Mn in blood from employees in the metal factories were measured : 22.36$\mu$g/dl, 0.27$\mu$g/dl and 1.26$\mu$g/dl respectively, The values in the non-metal factories were 19.84$\mu$g/dl, 0.21$\mu$g/dl and 1.24$\mu$g/dl. 3. Heavy metals such as Pb, Cd and Mn in urine from employees in the metal factories were measured 32.94$\mu$g/l, 0.16$\mu$g/dl, and 1.60$\mu$g/dl respectively, whereas the values in the non-metal factories were 28.79$\mu$g/l, 0.13$\mu$g/dl and 1.35$\mu$g/l. 4. Heavy metals such as Pb, Cd and Mn in hair from employees in the metal factories were measured 8.92mg/kg, 0.33mg/kg and 3.71mg/kg respectively, but 8.14mg/kg, 0.31mg/kg and 3.26 rng/kg in the non-metal factories.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.291-297
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• 2017

This study was performed to investigate the dose-response relationship between average daily cadmium dose (ADCD) from rice and the occurrence of urinary cadmium (U-Cd) in individuals eating that rice. This was a retrospective cohort designed to compare populations from two areas with different levels of cadmium contamination. Five-hundred and sixty-seven participants aged 18 years or older were interviewed to estimate their rice intake, and were assessed for U-Cd. The sources of consumed rice were sampled for cadmium measurement, from which the ADCD was estimated. Binary logistic regression was used to examine the association between ADCD and U-Cd (cut-off point at $2{\mu}g/g$ creatinine), and a correlation between them was established. The lowest estimate was $ADCD=0.5{\mu}g/kg\;bw/day$ [odds ratio (OR) = 1.71; with a 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-2.87]. For comparison, the relationship in the contaminated area is expressed by $ADCD=0.7{\mu}g/kg\;bw/day$, OR = 1.84; [95 % CI, 1.06-3.19], while no relationship was found in the non-contaminated area, meaning that the highest level at which this relationship does not exist is $ADCD=0.6{\mu}g/kg\;bw/day$ [95% CI, 0.99-2.95]. Rice, as a main staple food, is the most likely source of dietary cadmium. Abstaining from or limiting rice consumption, therefore, will increase the likelihood of maintaining U-Cd within the normal range. As the recommended maximum ADCD is not to exceed $0.6{\mu}g/kg\;bw/day$, the consumption of rice grown in cadmium-contaminated areas should not be more than 246.8 g/day. However, the exclusion of many edible plants grown in the contaminated area from the analysis might result in an estimated ADCD that does not reflect the true level of cadmium exposure among local people.