• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.12
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• pp.1336-1341
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• 2008

Purpose : This study aimed to determine the frequencies of $CD4^+CD25^+$ T cells in donor graft and peripheral blood $CD4^+CD25^+$ T cells in recipients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and their association with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Methods : Seventeen children who underwent HSCT were investigated. $CD4^+CD25^+$ T cells in samples from donor grafts and recipient peripheral blood were assessed by flow cytometry at 1 and 3 months after transplantation. Results : $CD4^+CD25^+$ T cell frequencies in the grafts showed no significant difference between patients with and without acute GVHD (0.90% vs. 1.06%, P=0.62). Absolute $CD4^+CD25^+$ T cell number in grafts were lower in patients with acute GVHD than in those without acute GVHD ($6.18{\times}10^5/kg$ vs. $25.85{\times}10^5/kg$, P=0.09). Patients without acute GVHD showed a significant decrease in peripheral blood $CD4^+CD25^+$ T cell percentage at 3 months compared to those at 1 month after HSCT (2.11% vs. 1.43%, P=0.028). However, in patients with acute GVHD, $CD4^+CD25^+$ T cell percentage at 3 months was not different from the corresponding percentage at 1 month after HSCT (2.47% vs. 2.30%, P=0.5). Conclusion : The effect of frequencies of $CD4^+CD25^+$ T cells in donor grafts on acute GVHD after HSCT could not be identified, and the majority of peripheral blood $CD4^+CD25^+$ T cells in patients who underwent HSCT may be activated T cells related to acute GVHD rather than regulatory T cells. Further studies with additional markers for regulatory T cells are needed to validate our results.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.172-180
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• 2015

It is well reported that tumor cells can regulate host immune systems. To identify the detailed changes of immune cells between tumor bearing mice and normal mice, we evaluated the systemic immune cell phenotype of B16F10 tumor bearing mice in a time dependent manner. The lymphocytic population (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) of tumor bearing mice significantly decreased compared to that of normal mice. We found that the Foxp3+CD25+ CD4 T cell decreased, but the Foxp3+$CD25^{high}$ CD4 T cell significantly increased. All subpopulations of CD8 T cells decreased, except the CD62L-CD44+ CD8 T cell subpopulation. The myeloid cell population (CD11b+ and Gr-1+ cells) of tumor bearing mice significantly increased. Specifically, Foxp3+$CD25^{high}$ CD4 T cell and CD11b+Gr-1+ cells significantly increased in early phase of tumor progression. These results are helpful to understand the change of the systemic immune cell subpopulation of tumor bearing mice in a time-dependent manner.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Visualization
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2015

CD4+ T-cell count determines the effectiveness for antiretroviral therapy (ART) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although ART slows the progression of HIV to AIDS, rapid counting of CD4+ T lymphocytes with a drop of patient's blood sample is urgently needed to ensure timely ART treatment in rural areas. Recently point-of-care CD4 testing devices have been developed by using non-flow based imaging cytometer incorporated with a sample cartridge where CD4+ T cells are reacted with fluorescently tagged specific antibodies. Here we conducted an experimental study using a conventional fluorescence microscope-based imaging system to quantitate the interaction of CD4 antibodies with CD4+ T cells at different reaction conditions. We demonstrated that a fast and affordable point-of-care CD4 test is feasible with a far less amount of antibodies and a shorter incubation time compared with a conventional sample preparation protocol for flow cytometry. We also proposed a general method to evaluate and compare the detection limit across different CD4 counting platforms by using fluorescently labelled microbeads for intensity calibration.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.264-274
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• 2013

The unrestricted population of $CD4^+Foxp3^+$ regulatory T (Treg) cells, which have been known to control the expression of autoimmune diseases and protective immunity to inflammatory reactions, has led to greater appreciation of functional plasticity. Detecting and/or isolating Ag-specific $CD4^+Foxp3^+$ Tregs at the single cell level are required to study their function and plasticity. In this study, we established and compared both MHC class II tetramer and intracellular CD154 staining, in order to detect $CD4^+Foxp3^+$ Treg specific for foreign Ag in acute and chronic infections with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Our results revealed that MHC class II tetramer staining showed a lower detection rate of LCMV $GP_{66-77}$-specific $CD4^+$ T cells because most of MHC class II tetramers were unbound and unstable when combined staining was performed with intracellular cytokines. In contrast, intracellular CD154 staining was revealed to be easier and simple for detecting LCMV $GP_{66-77}$-specific $CD4^+$ T cells, compared to MHC class II tetramer staining. Subsequently, we employed intracellular CD154 staining to detect LCMV $GP_{66-77}$-specific $CD4^+Foxp3^+$ Tregs using $Foxp3^{GFP}$ knock-in mouse, and found that LCMV $GP_{66-77}$-specific $CD4^+Foxp3^+$ Tregs and polyclonal $CD4^+Foxp3^+$ Tregs showed differential expansion in mice infected with LCMV Arms or Cl13 at acute (8 and 13 days pi) and chronic phases (35 days pi). Therefore, our results provide insight into the valuable use of intracellular CD154 staining to detect and characterize foreign Ag-specific $CD4^+Foxp3^+$ Treg in various models.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.81-82
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• 2007

The stochiometric mix of evaporating materials for the $CdGa_2Se_4$ single crystal thin films was prepared from horizontal furnace. To obtain the single crystal thin films, $CdGa_2Se_4$ mixed crystal was deposited on thoroughly etched semi-insulating GaAs(100) substrate by the Hot Wall Epitaxy (HWE) system. The source and substrate temperature were $630^{\circ}C\;and\;420^{\circ}C$, respectively. After the as-grown single crystal $CdGa_2Se_4$ thin films were annealed in Cd-, Se-, and Ga -atmospheres, the origin of point defects of single crystal $CdGa_2Se_4$ thin films has been investigated by PL at 10 K. The native defects of $V_{Cd},\;V_{Se},\;Cd_{int},\;and\;Se_{int}$ obtained by PL measurements were classified as donors or acceptors. And we concluded that the heat-treatment in the Cd-atmosphere converted single crystal $CdGa_2Se_4$ thin films to an optical p-type. Also, we confirmed that Ga in $CdGa_2Se_4$/GaAs did not form the native defects because Ga in single crystal $CdGa_2Se_4$ thin films existed in the form of stable bonds.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.2685-2688
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• 2014

Background: To explore the prevalence of lymphocyte subgroups $CD3^+$ $CD4^+$ and $CD3^+$ $CD8^+$ and their surface receptors NKG2D and NKG2A in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods: A total of 40 patients with NSCLC were divided into different groups according to different clinical factors (TNM staging, pathological patterns and genders) for assessment of relations with $CD3^+$ $CD4^+$ and $CD3^+$ $CD8^+$ and the surface receptors NKG2D and NKG2A of T lymphocytes in peripheral blood by flow cytometry. Results: Patients in the advanced group had evidently lower levels of $CD3^+$ $CD4^+$ but markedly higher levels of $CD3^+$ $CD8^+$ in peripheral blood than those with early lesions (p<0.05). In addition, NSCLC patients in the advanced group had obviously higher $CD3^+$ $CD4^+$ NKG2D and $CD3^+$ $CD8^+$ NKG2A expression rates but lower $CD3^+$ $CD4^+$ NKG2A and $CD3^+$ $CD8^+$ NKG2D expression rates (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences between NSCLC patients with different genders and pathological patterns in expression levels of lymphocyte subgroups $CD3^+$ $CD4^+$ and $CD3^+$ $CD8^+$ and their surface receptors NKG2D and NKG2A. Conclusions: Unbalanced expression of surface receptors NKG2D and NKG2A in $CD3^+$ $CD4^+$ and $CD3^+$ $CD8^+$ lymphocytes may be associated with a poor prognosis, greater malignancy and immunological evasion by advanced cancers, related to progression of lung cancer.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 2001

Some of endocrine disruptors with sexual hormone-like effects have been increasingly reported to be immunotoxic in many species in recent several years. Phthalate esters have possible effects on the endocrine system. Prenatal exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate (DBP) has been reported to impair the androgen-dependent development of the male reproductive tract in rat. Therefore, the immunomodulatory effect of DBP was investigated in the developing immune system of fetal and neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats. Timed-bred pregnant SD rats were given to the doses of 0, 250, 500, and 750 mg DBP/kg$\cdot$ body weight /day by gavage once a day from gestational day (GD) 5 to 18. On GD19 or GD22/postnatal day one (PD1), the dams were euthanized, and the changes in organ weights and thymus phenotypes were examined for their offsprings. At 750 mg DBP/kg$\cdot$b.w./day in maternal exposure group, GD19 fetuses showed decreases in body weight. The spleen/body weight ratios were reduced in GD 19 fetuses from the dams exposed to 500 and 750 mg DBP/kg$\cdot$b.w./day. There were no significant changes in thymus and spleen cellularities though these cellularities showed a tendency to decrease in a dose dependent way. In the DBP-exsposed GD22/PD1 offsprings, the body weights, the relative organ weights and the cellularities did not exhibit alteration. Additionally, the percentages of CD3$^{+}$(CD4$^{+}$CD8$^{+}$, CD4$^{+}$CD8$^{-}$, CD4$^{-}$CD8$^{+}$, and CD4$^{-}$CD8$^{-}$) and CD3$^{-}$(CD4$^{+}$CD8$^{+}$, CD4$^{+}$CD8$^{-}$, CD4$^{-}$CD8$^{+}$, and CD4$^{-}$CD8$^{-}$) thymocyte subsets were not changed in any DBP-treated group. The proliferative responses of splenic T cells to Con A and B cells to LPS were decreased in all DBP-exposed GD22/PD1 offsprings.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.438-443
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• 2007

The purpose of this research is to examine the effects of Kamijihwang-tang(KJHT) on CD+4 T cells and CD8+ T cell ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic mice. C57BL/6 mice were injected, inhaled and sprayed with OVA for 12 weeks (four a week) for asthma induction. Two experimental groups were treated with different concentrations of KJHT (400 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) extract and cyclosporine A (10 mg/kg) for the later 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the mice lung, peripheral lymph node (PLN), and spleen were removed and CD4+ T cells and CD8 + T cells for analyzed by flow cytometer. Number of CD4+ T cells in lung, PLN, spleen of the KJHT group (400 mg/kg) were significantly decreased compared with that of control group. Number of CD8+ T cells in lung, PLN, spleen of the KJHT group (200 mg/kg) were significantly decreased compared with that of control group. The results of this study suggest that KJHT alleviated asthmatic hyperactivity through CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Further study of relative cytokines is expected.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.195-199
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• 2003

The $p-CdIn_2$$Te_4$single crystal was grown in the three-stage vertical electric furnace by using Bridgman method. The quality of the grown crystal has been investigated by the x-ray diffraction and the photoluminescence measurements. From the photoluminescence spectra of the as-grown $CdIn_2$$Te_4$crystal and the various heat-treated crystals, the ($D^{\circ}$, X) emission was found to be the dominant intensity in the photoluminescence spectrum of the $CdIn_2$T $e_4$:Cd, while the ($A^{\circ}$, X) emission completely disappeared in the $CdIn_2$T $e_4$:Cd. However, the ($A^{\circ}$, X) emission in the photoluminescence spectrum of the $CdIn_2$T $e_4$:Te was the dominant intensity like an as-grown $CdIn_2$T $e_4$crystal. These results indicated that the ($D^{\circ}$, X) is associated with $V_{Te}$ acted as donor and that the ($A^{\circ}$, X) emission is related to $V_{cd}$ acted as acceptor, respectively. The $p-CdIn_2$T $e_4$crystal was found to be obviously converted into the n-type after annealing in the Cd atmosphere. The origin of ( $D^{\circ}$, $A^{\circ}$) emission and its TO phonon replicas is related to the interaction between donors such as $V_{Te}$ or $Cd_{int}$, and accepters such as $V_{cd}$ or T $e_{int}$. Also, the In in the $CdIn_2$X$CdIn_4$was confirmed not to form the native defects because it existed in the stable form of bonds.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 2008

Objective: The purpose of this research is to examine the effects of Mahaenggamseok-tang-gagambang (MGTG) on CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic mice. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were injected, inhaled and sprayed with OVA for 12 weeks (four a week) for asthma induction. Two experimental groups were treated with different concentrations of MGTG (400 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) extract and cyclosporin A (10 mg/kg) for the later 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the mice lung was removed and analyzed CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells by flow cytometer. Results: Numbers of CD3+ T cells in lung of the MGTG groups (200, 400 mg/kg) were significantly decreased compared with that of control group. Numbers of CD4+ T cells in lung of the MGTG groups (200, 400 mg/kg) were significantly decreased compared with that of control group. Numbers of CD8+ T cells in lung of the MGTG groups (200, 400 mg/kg) were significantly decreased compared with that of control group. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that MGTG alleviated asthmatic hyperreactiviry through CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Further study of relative cytokines is expected.