• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 1989년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.56-58
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• 1989

All-polycrystalline Cd$_1$-xZnxS/CdTe solar cells have been fabricated by coating CdTe slurries with 4.5 wt% of CdCl$_2$on the sintered Cd$_1$-xZnxS films and by sintering CdTe layer at 6$25^{\circ}C$ for lh in nitrogen atmosphere. Solar efficiency of the sintered Cd$_1$-xZnxS/CdTe solar cells increases as the Zn content increases up to x=0.06 and then decreases with further increase in the Zn content. A solar efficiency of 12.5% under a solar intensity of 76mW/$\textrm{cm}^2$ was observed in a Cd 0.94 Zn0.06S/CdTe solar cell. By optimizing the amount of CdCl$_2$in the slurry and sintering conditions, it is possible to produce Cd$_1$-xZnxS/CdTe solar cells with efficiency higher than 12%.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.32-39
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• 2000

하수 오니에 의한 Cd 의 흡착반응을 조사하기 위하여, Cd의 처리농도 (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 및 $50{\mu}g\;Cd\;ml^{-1}$를 달리하여 흡착실험을 수행하였으며, 반응시간 (흡착 반응 후 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5, 4.5, 6.6, 8.5, 12.5, 24.5 및 48.5 h) 별로 Cd 의 농도를 구하여 흡착반응의 속도상수를 계산하였다. 모든 처리 농도에서 처음 반응시간 30분 이내에 처리 한 Cd의 약 95% 가 흡착되었다. 초기의 빠른 1단계 Cd 흡착반응 후에는 1차 가역 반응식으로 기술할 수 있는 1단계 반응보다는 느린 2단계의 Cd 흡착 반응이 일어났다. 1차 가역 반응식으로 기술할 수 있는 2단계의 Cd 흡착 반응의 속도상수는 $-0.137{\sim}-0.521h^{-1}$의 범위로서 Cd처리 농도가 증가할수록 속도상수는 감소하였다. 흡착 반응에서 평형에 도달하는 시간 (약 6-24 h) 이나, 평형에서의 Cd 의 흡착량 (약 $276-2720{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$) 또는 흡착되지 않고 용액에 남아있는 Cd의 농도 (약 $60-400{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$) 도 Cd 의 처리 농도에 의하여 결정되었다. 즉 Cd 의 처리 농도가 증가할수록 평형에 도달하는 시간, 흡착량 및 평형 농도는 증가하였다. 하수 오니에 의하여 흡착된 Cd 의 일부는 시간이 경과함에 따라 하수 오니로 부터 방출되었으나 그 양은 전체 Cd 흡착량에 비하면 매우 적었다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.191-200
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• 2004

Zinc (Zn) is an essential element in biological process, however inadequate Zn status in general population have been recognized. To update the knowledge for Zn-cadmium (Cd) interaction, we studied the intestinal uptake and transport, and the expression of metal transporter proteins (divalent metal transporter 1, DMT1 ; metal transporter protein 1, MTP1 ; zinc transporter 1, ZnTl ; metallothionein 1 , MT1) in duodenum after Cd exposure using Zn deficient animal model. Rats were led Zn deficient (ZnD, 0.5-1.0 mgZn/kg) or Zn supplemented (ZnS, 50mg Zn/kg) diet for 4 weeks, and followed single administration of $^{109}$ CdCl$_2$orally. The body Zn flatus and tissue Cd concentration were determined at 24 hrs after Cd administration. Total body burden of Cd and Cd absorption index (AI, %) were estimated based on the tissue Cd analyzed. DMT1, MTP1, ZnTl and MT1 mRNA were analyzed by using RT-PCR method. Feeding of Zn deficient diet for 4 weeks produced a reduced body weight gain and a depletion of body Zn. Tissue Cd concentration, body burden of Cd and Cd absorption index were higher in the ZnD diet fed rats than the ZnS diet red rats. Especially, Cd concentration in the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) and the colon of FeD diet fed rats were higher markedly than in the FeS diet group. The expression levels of DMT1, MTP1 and ZnT1 mRNA in FeD diet fed rats were similar to the FeS diet. The level of MT1 mRNA expression was significantly lower in the FeD than the FeS diet fed rats. Taken together, theses results indicate that Zn deficiency in diet induce an increased intestinal absorption and tissue retention of Cd, and down -regulate the MT1 expression in the intestine which might be play a part of role in Cd absorption and transport in mammalian. These findings suggest that deficiency of essential metal could be enhanced the toxicity of toxic, non-esstial metals through the metal-metal interaction.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.50-62
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• 2003

Objective: Bee Venom(BV) has been used for various kinds of inflammatory or painful conditions in Oriental Medicine clinics, and there publishes reports on its therapeutic effects and the probable mechanism of those therapeutic effects, where CDs and cytokines plays important role. This study investigated the influences of bee venom on the expressions of CDs and cytokines of HMC cell line Methods: In this study we analysed the expression profile of HMC cell line treated with BV of 10-2ug/ml in relation to that of HMC cell line treated with vehicle by way of CD/cytokine microarray hybridization with 342 genes on it. Results: There were no upregulated genes by more than 3 fold, while there showed some downregulated genes by less than 1/3 fold as follows: colony stimulating factor 2, CD122, IL-7, CD112, TNF-alpha, CD138, CD166, TGFbetaR2, CD42b, CD62L, CD111, interleukin 10 receptor alpha, colony stimulating factor 1(macrophage), CD38 antigen(p45), CD121a, CD33 antigen(gp67), colony stimulating factor 1 receptor, B cell linker protein (SLP65) mRNA, CD94, alanyl(membrane) aminopeptidase, immunoglobulin(CD79A) binding protein 1, CD205, CD241, CD207, CDw121b, integrin alpha L(CD11a), integrin beta 1(CD29), CD91, CD42b. Conclusions: Bee venom treatment induced downregulation of some CDs or cytokines including $TNF-{\alpha}$. IL-1R with its possible implication in an antiinflammatory action of BV. Further research on expression profile changes induced by BV treatment is expected.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.8-15
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• 2003

Background: CD30 is a member of TNF receptor family and expressed on lymphocytes and other hematopoietic cells following activation as well as Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin's lymphoma. In this study, CD30-mediated regulation of cell adhesion molecule expression on normal activated mouse T cells was investigated. Methods: Mouse T cells were activated with anti-CD3 antibody for induction of CD30, which was cross-linked by immobilized anti-CD30 antibody. Results: High level of CD30 expression on T cells was observed on day 5, but only little on day 3 even under culture condition resulting in an identical T cell proliferation, indicating that CD30 expression requires a prolonged stimulation up to 5 days. Cross-linking of CD30 alone altered neither proliferation nor apoptosis of normal activated T cells. Instead, CD30 appeared to promote cell adherence to culture substrate, and considerably upregulated ICAM-1 and, to a lesser extent, ICAM-2 expression on activated T cells, whereas CD2 and CD18 (LFA-1) expression was not affected. None of cytokines known as main regulators of ICAM-1 expression on tissue cells (IL 4, $IFN{\gamma}$ and $IFN{\alpha}$) enhanced ICAM-1 expression in the absence of CD30 signals. On the other hand, addition of $NF-{\kappa}B$ inhibitor, PDTC (0.1 mM) completely abrogated the CD30-mediated upregulation of ICAM-1 expression, but not CD2 and ICAM-2 expression. Conclusion: This results support that CD30 upregulates ICAM-1 expression of T cell and such regulation is not mediated by higher cytokine production but $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation. Therefore, CD30 may play important roles in T-T or T-B cell interaction through regulation of ICAM-1, and -2 expression.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.310-317
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• 2021

Cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1) is a family of cell-surface glycoproteins that present lipid antigens to T cells. Humans have five CD1 isoforms. CD1a is distinguished by the small volume of its antigen-binding groove and its stunted A' pocket, its high and exclusive expression on Langerhans cells, and its localization in the early endosomal and recycling intracellular trafficking compartments. Its ligands originate from self or foreign sources. There are three modes by which the T-cell receptors of CD1a-restricted T cells interact with the CD1a:lipid complex: they bind to both the CD1a surface and the antigen or to only CD1a itself, which activates the T cell, or they are unable to bind because of bulky motifs protruding from the antigen-binding groove, which might inhibit autoreactive T-cell activation. Recently, several studies have shown that by producing T_H2 or T_H17 cytokines, CD1a-restricted T cells contribute to inflammatory skin disorders, including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, allergic contact dermatitis, and wasp/bee venom allergy. They may also participate in other diseases, including pulmonary disorders and cancer, because CD1a-expressing dendritic cells are also located in non-skin tissues. In this mini-review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the biology of CD1a-reactive T cells and their potential roles in disease.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.412-420
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• 1999

하수오니 처리 석회질 토양에서의 Cd, Cu 및 Zn의 수송 특성을 조사하기 위하여 하수오니 무처리 토양, 하수오니 50과 100 ton $ha^{-1}$ 처리 토양 및 하수 오니를 대상으로 용출현상 (elution development)과 혼성치환 (miscible displacement) 기술을 이용하여 실험을 수행하였다. 하수오니 50과 100 ton $ha^{-1}$처리 토양의 Cd, Cu 및 Zn 의 용출곡선 (elution curve)과 출현곡선 (breakthrough curve)은 하수오니 무처리 토양의 Cd, Cu 및 Zn의 용출곡선 및 출현곡선과 거의 비슷하였다. Cd, Cu, 및 Zn 10 mg을 처리한 Cd, Cu 및 Zn의 용출곡선은 Cd, Cu 및 Zn을 처리하지 않았을 때의 용출곡선과는 거의 비슷하였으나, Cd, Cu 및 Zn의 50 mg을 처리한 용출곡선과는 크게 달랐다. Cd, Cu 및 Zn 혼합용액 500과 $1000mg\;L^{-1}$을 이용한 Cd, Cu 및 Zn의 출현곡선은 서로 비슷하였으나, Cd, Cu 및 Zn 혼합용액 $100mg\;L^{-1}$을 이용한 출현곡선과는 크게 달랐다. 실험에 사용한 석회질 토양에서 하수오니 50과 100 ton $ha^{-1}$ 처리량은 Cd, Cu 및 Zn의 수송특성에 큰 영향을 주지 못하였으며, Cd와 Zn의 수송특성은 서로 비슷하였으나 Cu의 수송특성은 Cd 과 Zn의 수송 특성과는 크게 달랐다.

• Oncology Letters
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.5889-5896
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• 2019

The elimination of residual microscopic cancer cells is important cancer treatment. The immunoediting theory describes the balance between the immune system and cancer cells. The current study investigated changes in the immune system during the elimination of cancer cells and evaluated the influence of cluster of differentiation (CD)4 or CD8 depletion. A human squamous cell cancer cell line (SNU1041) was injected in the lateral tongue of immunocompetent mice and the changes in the CD4, CD8, CD11b, CD19, CD40 and CD40 ligand (L) populations in the blood, lymph nodes and spleen were evaluated using flow cytometry, and changes in serum cytokine levels were evaluated using a magnetic bead panel. Cancer cell elimination was delayed by CD4 depletion but not by CD8 depletion. The CD8-depleted group indicated increased levels of CD40L, interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. It was concluded that CD4 served a crucial role in the elimination of human cancer cells. Furthermore, the efficacies of CD40 agonist and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) antagonist treatments were assessed in CD4-depleted mice. CD40 agonist treatment resulted in faster cancer cell elimination and increased cytokine excretion. In conclusion, CD4 or CD40L significantly influenced cancer elimination. CD40 agonist antibodies may be potent adjuvant agents that can be used in patients with reduced CD4 or CD40L expression

• E2M - 전기 전자와 첨단 소재
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.26-34
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• 1988

Sintered CdS/CdTe solar cells have been farbricated by coating a (Cd+Te) slurry on sintered CdS films followed by the sintering at 625.deg.C for one hour with various heating rates. When cadmium and tellurinm powders are used instead of CdTe powder to form CdS/CdTe junction, CdTe is formed in the temperature range of 290.deg.C-400.deg.C. The microstructure of the CdTe films depends strongly on the heating rate of the sintering due to the low melting temperature and the high vapor pressure of the elemental Cd and Te. An optimum heating rate obtain CdTe films with uniform and dense microstructure which, in turn, improves the efficiency of the sintered CdS/CdTe solar cells. All-polycrystalline CdS/CdTe solar cells with an efficiency of 9.57% under 50mW/cm$^{2}$ tungsten light have been farbricated by using a heating rate of 14.deg.C/min.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.241-246
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• 2003

Bambusae Caulis in Liquamen(BCL) has been used to relieve the cough and asthma, and remove the phlegm in traditional Oriental medicine. In recent years, it was studied for its antiinflammatory, antiallergenic, immune-modulating, and anticarcinogenic capabilities. This experiment was performed to evaluate the microarray profiles of CD genes in human mast cells before and after BCL treatment. The results are as follows: The expression of 51 of the genes studied was up-regulated in the Bel-treated group; they include the genes coding L apoferritin, beta-2-microglobulin, ferritin light polypeptide, CD63, monocyte chemotactic and activating fact, heme oxygenase 1, CD140a, integrin alpha M, colony stimulating factor 2 receptor, eukaryotic translation elongation factor, CD37, interleukin 18, NADH dehydrogenase 1 beta, CD48, 5-lipoxygenase activating protein, interleukin 4, ribosomal protein L5, GABA(A) receptor-associated protein, beta-tubulin, integrin beta 1, CD162, CD32, lymphotoxin beta, alpha-tublin, integrin alpha L, CD2, CD151, CD331, 90 kDa heat shock protein, CD59, CD3Z, microsomal glutathione S-transferase 2, CD33, CD162R, cyclophilinA, CD84, interleukin 9 receptor, interleukin 11, CD117, CD39-Like 2, and so forth. The expression of 7 of the genes studied was down-regulated in the BCL-treated group; they include the genes coding con, CD238, SCF, CD160, CD231, CD24, and CD130. Consequently, the treatment of BCL on the human mast cells increased the expression of 51 genes and decreased the expression of 7 genes. These data would provide a fundamental basis to the traditional applications of Bambusae Caulis in Liquamen.