• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.135-143
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• 2016

We investigated the effectiveness of natural zeolite (NZ) and sand (SD) as a capping material to block the release of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, and Zn) from heavily contaminated marine sediments and stabilize these heavy metals in the sediments. The efficiency of NZ and SD for blocking trace metals was evaluated in a flat flow tank attached with an impeller to generate wave. 0, 10, 30, and 50 mm depth of NZ or SD were capped on the contaminated marine sediments and the metal concentration in seawater was monitored. After completion of flow tank experiments, sequential extractions of the metals in the sediment below the capping material were performed. The difference of pH, EC, and DO concentration between uncapped and capped condition was not significant. The release of cations including Cd, Cu, and Zn were effectively blocked by NZ and SD capping but the interruption of Cr release was observed only in 50 mm depth of SD capped condition. However, the stabilization of Cr in 50 mm depth of SD capped condition was not achieved when compared to uncapped condition. NZ and SD capping were effective for stabilizing Cd, Cu, and Zn in marine sediments. It is concluded that the use of NZ with SD as a capping material is recommended for blocking Cd, Cr, Cu, and Zn release and stabilizing them in contaminated marine sediments.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.441-449
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• 2013

Recent study showed that T cells in the immune organs and peripheral blood are influenced by estradiol, leading to a dysfunction of the immune system. However, little is known about the thymic-gonadal relationship during the estrous cycle in mouse. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanism by which a change in estradiol levels during the estrous cycle regulates the development of T cells in the mouse thymus. Six-week-old ICR mice were used and divided into four groups, including diestrous, proestrous, estrous, and metestrous. We first confirmed that ER-${\alpha}$ and - ${\beta}$ estrogen receptors were expressed in thymic epithelial cells, showing that their expression was not different during the estrous cycle. There was also no significant difference in thymic weight and total number of thymocytes during the estrous cycle. To determine the degree of thymocyte differentiation during the estrous cycle, we analyzed thymocytes by flow cytometry. As a result, the percentage of CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) T cells was significantly decreased in the proestrous phase compared to the diestrous phase. However, CD4+CD8- or CD4-CD8+ (SP) T cells were significantly increased in the proestrous phase compared to the diestrous phase. In addition, the percentage of CD44+CD25- (DN1) T cells was significantly decreased in the estrous phase compared to other phases, whereas the percentages of CD44+CD25+ (DN2), CD44-CD25+ (DN3), and CD44-CD25- (DN4) were not changed during the estrous cycle. These results indicate that the development of thymocytes may arrest in the DP to SP transition stage in the proestrous phase displaying the highest serum level of estradiol. This study suggests that a change in estradiol levels during the estrous cycle may be involved in the regulation of thymocyte differentiation in the mouse thymus.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2003

Background: CC chemokine receptor (CCR) 7 and cognate CCR7 ligands, CCL21 (formerly secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine [SLC]) and CCL19 (formerly Epstein-Barr virus-induced molecule 1 ligand chemokine [ELC]), were known to establish microenvironment for the initiation of immune responses in secondary lymphoid tissue. As described previously, coadministration of DNA vaccine with CCR7 ligand-encoding plasmid DNA elicited enhanced humoral and cellular immunity via increasing the number of dendritic cells (DC) in secondary lymphoid tissue. The author hypothesized here that CCR7 ligand DNA could effectively expand memory CD4+ T cells to protect from viral infection likely via increasing DC number. Methods: To evaluate the effect of CCR7 ligand DNA on the expansion of memory CD4+ T cells, DO11.10.BALB/c transgenic (Tg)-mice, which have highly frequent ovalbumin $(OVA)_{323-339}$ peptide-specific CD4+ T cells, were used. Tg-mice were previously injected with CCR7 ligand DNA, then immunized with $OVA_{323-339}$ peptide plus complete Freund's adjuvant. Subsequently, memory CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were analyzed by FACS analysis for memory phenotype ($CD44^{high}$ and CD62 $L^{low}$) at memory stage. Memory CD4+ T cells recruited into inflammatory site induced with OVA-expressing virus were also analyzed. Finally, the protective efficacy against viral infection was evaluated. Results: CCR7 ligand DNA-treated Tg-mice showed more expanded $CD44^{high}$ memory CD4+ T cells in PBL than control vector-treated animals. The increased number of memory CD4+ T cells recruited into inflammatory site was also observed in CCR7 ligand DNA-treated Tg-mice. Such effectively expanded memory CD4+ T cell population increased the protective immunity against virulent viral infection. Conclusion: These results document that CCR7 and its cognate ligands play an important role in intracellular infection through establishing optimal memory T cell. Moreover, CCR7 ligand could be useful as modulator in DNA vaccination against viral infection as well as cancer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.328-334
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• 2006

The main objective of the present study was to determine the effect of dietary ${\beta}-cyclodextrin\;({\beta}CD)$ on reducing the cholesterol content of pork. Twelve swine of 50 kg body weight were randomly distributed into four groups of three heads each and fed experimental diets for 9 weeks until they reached a market weight of 110 kg. They were assigned to the four experimental diets containing 0% (control), 1.5%, 3.0% or 5.0% pure ${\beta}CD$. Daily feed intake, body weight gain and feed efficiency were not significantly different between any of the four group. The plasma total lipid, triacylglycerol and total cholesterol content of the swine in the three ${\beta}CD$-fed groups were significantly (p<0.05) decreased when compared to those in the control group, and were significantly (p<0.05) reduced by 21.80%,55.58% and 27.69%, respectively, in the swine fed on 5% ${\beta}CD$. The cholesterol content of pork belly (mg/100g) was significantly (p<0.05) decreased by 5.33 mg, 12.70 mg and 15.23 mg in the swine maintained on 1.5%, 3.0% and 5.0% ${\beta}CD$, respectively. The cholesterol content of pork belly, when expressed as the rate of reduced cholesterol, was significantly (p<0.05) decreased by 6.44%, 15.36% and 18.42% in groups of 1.5%, 3.0% and 5.0% ${\beta}CD$, respectively, when compared to that of the control group. These results suggest that dietary ${\beta}CD$ may be classified as dietary fiber which can modulate cholesterol metabolism in swine.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.63-85
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was carried out to know the effects of Danggwisayeokgaohsuyusaenggang-tang(hereinafter referred to DST) on arthritis induced by collagen on DBA/1 OlaHsd mice. Methods : For this purpose, DST was orally administered to mouse with arthritis induced by collagen II. Cytotoxicity, high performance liquid chromatograph(HPLC) analysis, arthritis index, value of immunocyte in draining lymph node and paw joint, cytokine were measured in vivo. Results : 1. The cytotoxicity against human fibroblast cells(hFCs) was not measured in any concentration. 2. In HPLC analysis, There are high peak patterns at 8 minute(min), 12 min, 35 min, 45 min. 3. The arthritis index was decreased significantly. 4. The degree of arthritis induced damage of joint of DST group is slight compared with control group in histopathologic observation(Hematoxylin and eosin stain(H&E), Masson's trichrome(M-T) staining). 5. In total cell counts of draining lymph node(DLN) and paw joint, the cells in DLN decreased significantly on DST 200 mg/kg and the cells in paw joint decreased significantly on 200 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg. 6. In DLN, $CD4^+/CD25^+$, $CD3^+/CD69^+$, major histocompatibility complex(MHC), class-II/$CD11c^+$ cells decreased significantly on DST 200 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg $CD3^+/CD8^+$ cells decreased significantly on DST 200 200 mg/kg, $CD4^+$, $CD3^+/CD44^+$ cells decreased. 7. In paw joints, $CD4^+$, $CD11b^+/Gr-1^+$ cells decreased significantly on DST 200 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg. 8. In joints, levels of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, cyclo-oxygenase-2(COX-2), NOS-II were decreased on DST 200 mg/kg and DST 50 mg/kg. 9. In analysing of cytokine in CD3/CD28 activated spleen, IL-17 was decreased significantly, IL-4 was increased significantly $INF-{\gamma}$ was decreased on DST 200 mg/kg. 10. In analysing of cytokine in collagen activated spleen, IL-17 were decreased significantly, IL-4 was increased significantly. Conclusions : This results demonstrated that DST suppressed the inflammatory progression of collagen-induced arthritis(CIA) mice and supported further studies are required to survey continuously in looking for the effective substance and mechanism in the future.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1576-1583
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• 2006

In order to investigate the effect of Goamshimshinhwan(GASSW) on SD rats with deteriorated immunity caused by methotrexate. Methotrexate was fed to the SD rats once a day for 4 days. After the immune responses of the at a dosage 1,000, 500 and 250mg/kg/10ml. and the changes on body weight and gains, spleen weight, total blood leukocyte numbers, total lymphocyte numbers, the percentage of B-cell, T-cell, CD3+CD+4 T-cell, CD3+CD8+ T-cell and CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratios in the bolld and spleen were observed. In addition, the serum IL-2 levels and productivity of IL-2 of splenic cells were also demonstrated in this study. The changes on body weight were increased significantly in 100 and 500mg/kg of GASSW groups and the changes on body gain were increased significantly in 1000mg/kg of GASSW groups as compared with control group. The changes on the spleen weight (absolutely or relatively) were increased significantly in all GASSW groups as compared with control group. The total blood leukocyte numbers were increased significantly in 1000 and 500mg/kg of GASSW groups as compared with control group. The total lymphocyte numbers were increased significantly in all GASSW groups in the blood and increased significantly in 1000 and 500mg/kg of GASSW goups in spleen as compared with control group. The percentage of B-cell and T-cell were increased significantly in 1000mg/kg of GASSW groups in the blood and increased significantly in 1000 and 500mg/kg of GASSW groups in spleen as compared with control group. The percentage of CD3+CD4+ T-cell and the serum IL-2 levels and productivity of IL-2 of splenic cells were increased significantly in 100 and 500 mg/kg of GASSW groups in the blood and spleen as compared with control group. The percentage of CD3+CD8+ T-cell were increased significantly in 1000mg/kg of GASSW groups only in spleen as compared with control groups. The CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratios were increased significantly in 1000 and 500mg/kg of GASSW groups only in the blood as compared with control group. Goamshimshinhwan(GASSW) has immuno-stimulating effect on SD rats with deteriorated immunity caused by methotrexate.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.658-667
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• 2015

This research was conducted to investigate the influence of various levels of fused superphosphate as pre-planting fertilizer on the growth of red-leaf lettuce and changes in the chemical properties of the soil solution in three root media, namely coir-dust plus expanded rice hull (8:2, v/v; CD+ERH), carbonized rice hull (6:4; CD+CRH), or ground and aged pine bark (8:2; CD+GAPB). The amounts of fused superphosphate (FSP) incorporated into the three root media during formulation were controlled from 0 to $6.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in $1.5g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ increments. The root media containing fertilizers were packed into 300 mL plastic pots and seedlings of red-leaf lettuce at the 3rd leaf stage were transplanted. After transplanting, the crops were fed with a solution of neutral fertilizer ($100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$). The growth of red-leaf lettuce was investigated 5 weeks after transplanting and soil solutions were extracted and analyzed every week for pH, EC, and concentrations of macro-nutrients. The elevation of application rates of FSP in the three root media resulted in better growth, and the crops grown in CD+ERH and CD+GRPB had greater fresh and dry weights than those in CD+CRH when compared among the treatments of equal amounts of FSP. The pH and $PO_4{^{-3}}$ concentrations in the soil solution of CD+CRH at 3 weeks after transplant were in the ranges of 4.0 to 4.8 and 20 to $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$, respectively. These were lower pH and higher $PO_4{^{-3}}$ concentrations than those in CD+ERH and CD+GAPB. The $K^+$ concentrations were higher in CD+CRH than those in the other two root media, and the elevation of FSP application rates resulted in higher $Ca^{+2}$, $Mg^{+2}$ and $SO_4{^{-2}}$ concentrations in soil solution of the three root media. The $NO_3$-N concentrations in soil solution rose continuously during crop cultivation, implying that the leaching percentage was elevated. The soil solution EC varied, showing the same tendencies as the $NO_3$-N concentrations. The above results indicated that the CD+ERH and CD+GRPB media performed better than CD+CRH, and optimum application rates of FSP in the three root media were 4.5 to $6.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ for pot cultivation of red-leaf lettuce.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.353-360
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• 2016

Effect of heavy metals(Cd, Cu, Zn) on the survival and population growth rates(PGR) of marine rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis were examined. B. plicatilis were exposed to Cd, Cu and Zn for 24 h to determine their survival and 72 h to determine their PGR. Survival rates in the control groups were greater than 90%. They were decreased with increasing concentrations of Cd, Cu and Zn. Survival rates were reduced in a concentration-dependent manner. Significant reduction in survival rates after exposure to Cd, Cu and Zn at concentration greater than 40.00, 0.13 and $10.00mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. PGR in the control groups were greater than 0.50. They were decreased with increasing concentrations of heavy metals. PGR were reduced in a concentration-dependent manner. Significant reduction in PGR after exposure to Cd, Cu and Zn occurred at concentration greater than 12.5, 0.06 and $1.00mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. The order of heavy metal toxicity based on PGR was Cu>Zn>Cd, with $EC_{50}$ (50% Effective Concentration) values of 0.12, 6.15 and $21.41mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. The lowest-observed-effective-concentrations(LOEC) of PGR after exposure to Cd, Cu and Zn were 12.50, 0.06 and $1.00mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. The No-observed-effective-concentrations(NOEC) of PGR after exposure to Cd, Cu and Zn were 6.25, 0.03 and $0.01mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively, in marine ecosystems have toxic effects on PGR of B. plicatilis. These results suggest that the PGR of B. plicatilis are useful tool to assess the effect of heavy metals on primary consumers in marine natural ecosystems.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.08a
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• pp.345-345
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• 2012

최근 의료산업에서는 고해상도 및 동영상 구현이 가능한 직접 방식의 X-선 검측센서에서 X-ray 흡수효율이 좋은 반도체 센서(CdTe, CdZnTe 등)와 성숙된 기술, 집적효율이 뛰어난 CMOS 공정을 이용한 제품을 출시하여 대면적화 및 고집적화가 가능하게 되어 응용분야가 점차 확대되고 있는 추세이다. 하지만 이 역시 고 성능의 X-선 동영상 구현을 위해서는 고 해상도 문제, 검출효율 문제, 대면적화의 어려움이 있다. 기존의 X-선 광 도전층의 증착은 증착 속도와 박막 품질에서 우수한 Evaporation 법이 사용되고 있다. 한편, 대면적에 균일한 박막형성이 가능하기 때문에 양산성에서 우월성을 가지는 sputtering법의 경우, 밀도가 높은 소결체 타겟의 제조가 힘들뿐만 아니라 증착 속도가 낮아 장시간 증착 시 낮은 소결밀도로 인한 타겟 Particle 영향으로 인해서 대 면적에 고품질의 박막을 형성하기가 어렵다. 하지만 최근 소결체 타겟 제조기술 발달과 함께, 대면적화와 장시간 증착에 대한 어려움이 해결되고 있어 sputtering 법을 이용한 고품질 박막 제조 기술의 연구가 시급한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 $50{\times}50$ mm 크기의 non-alkali 유리기판(Corning E2000) 위에 Evaporation과 RF magnetron sputtering을 사용하여 다양한 기판온도 (RT, 100, 200, 300, $350^{\circ}C$)에서 $1{\mu}m$의 두께로 CdTe 박막을 증착하였다. RF magnetron sputtering의 경우 CdTe 단일 타겟(50：50 at%)을 사용하였으며 Base pressure는 약 $5{\times}10^{-6}$ Torr 이하까지 배기하였고, Working pressure는 약 $7.5{\times}10^{-3}$ Torr에서 증착하였다. 시편과 기판 사이의 거리는 70 mm이며 RF 파워는 150 W로 유지하였다. CdTe 박막의 미세구조는 X-ray diffraction (XRD, BRUKER GADDS) 및 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM, Hitachi)를 사용하여 측정하였다. 또한, 조건별 박막의 조성은 Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS, Horiba, 7395-H)을 사용하여 평가하였다. X-선 동영상 장치의 구현을 위해서는 CdTe 다결정 박막의 높은 흡수효율, 전하수집효율 및 SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) 등의 물성이 요구된다. 이러한 물성을 나타내기 위해서는 CdTe 박막의 높은 결정성이 중요하다. Evaporation과 RF magnetron sputtering로 제작된 CdTe 박막은 공정 온도가 증가함에 따라 기판상에 도달하는 스퍼터 원자의 에너지 증가로 인해서 결정립이 성장한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 CdTe 박막이 직접변환방식 고감도 X-ray 검출기 광도 전층 역할을 수행할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.302-313
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• 2012

Concentrations of selected heavy metals (Al, Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb, As and Cd) in surface sediments from 96 sites in Masan and Jinhae Bay were studied in order to understand metal contamination. Results show that the surface sediments were mainly enriched by Cu (18-294 ppm), Zn (67-568 ppm), Pb (10-120 ppm) and Cd (0.2-3.5 ppm). The coastal zone of Masan Bay was significantly more contaminated than the non-coastal zone, and spatial distribution pattern suggested additional sources of heavy metal input in the coastal area. The enrichment ratio and geoaccumulation index ($I_{geo}$) have been calculated and the relative contamination levels assessed in the study area. The enrichment ratios of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in Masan Bay have been observed to be relatively high. $I_{geo}$ results reveal that the study area is not contaminated with respect to Fe, Mn, Cr and Ni; moderately to strongly contaminated with Cu, Zn and Pb; and strongly to strong contaminated with Cd. The high contents of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in the study area result from anthropogenic activities in the catchment area. Based on the eight different sediment quality guideline values from USA (ERL, ERM), Canada (TEL, PEL), Australia/New Zealand (ISQG-high, ISQG-low) and Hong Kong (ISQV-low, ISQV-high), sediment quality of Masan and Jinhae Bay was also assessed and characterized.