• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.13 no.8
• /
• pp.4031-4036
• /
• 2012

Background: The negative signaling provided by interactions of the co-inhibitory molecule, programmed death-1 (PD-1), and its ligands, B7-H1 (PD-L1) and B7-DC (PD-L2), is a critical mechanism contributing to tumor evasion; blockade of this pathway has been proven to enhance cytotoxic activity and mediate antitumor therapy. Here we evaluated the anti-tumor efficacy of AAV-mediated delivery of the extracellular domain of murine PD-1 (sPD-1) to a tumor site. Material and Methods: An rAAV vector was constructed in which the expression of sPD-1, a known negative regulator of TCR signals, is driven by human cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter (CMV-P), using a triple plasmid transfection system. Tumor-bearing mice were then treated with the AAV/sPD1 construct and expression of sPD-1 in tumor tissues was determined by semi quantitative RT-PCR, and tumor weights and cytotoxic activity of splenocytes were measured. Results: Analysis of tumor homogenates revealed sPD-1 mRNA to be significantly overexpressed in rAAV/sPD-1 treated mice as compared with control levels. Its use for local gene therapy at the inoculation site of H22 hepatoma cells could inhibit tumor growth, also enhancing lysis of tumor cells by lymphocytes stimulated specifically with an antigen. In addition, PD-1 was also found expressed on the surfaces of activated CD8+ T cells. Conclusion: This study confirmed that expression of the soluble extracellular domain of PD-1 molecule could reduce tumor microenvironment inhibitory effects on T cells and enhance cytotoxicity. This suggests that it might be a potential target for development of therapies to augment T-cell responses in patients with malignancies.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.14 no.11
• /
• pp.6949-6953
• /
• 2013

Background: Nowadays, the encapsulation of cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents is attracting interest as a method for drug delivery. We hypothesized that the efficiency of helenalin might be maximized by encapsulation in ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin nanoparticles. Helenalin, with a hydrophobic structure obtained from flowers of Arnica chamissonis and Arnica Montana, has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activity but low water solubility and bioavailability. ${\beta}$-Cyclodextrin (${\beta}$-CD) is a cyclic oligosaccharide comprising seven D-glucopyranoside units, linked through 1,4-glycosidic bonds. Materials and Methods: To test our hypothesis, we prepared ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin-helenalin complexes to determine their inhibitory effects on telomerase gene expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) and cytotoxic effects by colorimetric cell viability (MTT) assay. Results: MTT assay showed that not only ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin has no cytotoxic effect on its own but also it demonstrated that ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin-helenalin complexes inhibited the growth of the T47D breast cancer cell line in a time and dose-dependent manner. Our q-PCR results showed that the expression of telomerase gene was effectively reduced as the concentration of ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin-helenalin complexes increased. Conclusions: ${\beta}$-Cyclodextrin-helenalin complexes exerted cytotoxic effects on T47D cells through down-regulation of telomerase expression and by enhancing Helenalin uptake by cells. Therefore, ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin could be superior carrier for this kind of hydrophobic agent.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
• /
• v.50 no.12
• /
• pp.168-175
• /
• 2013

Color consistency in stereoscopic contents is important for 3D display systems. Even with a stereo camera of the same model and with the same hardware settings, complex color discrepancies occur when acquiring high quality stereo images. In this paper, we propose an integrated color matching method that use cumulative histogram in global matching and estimated 3D-distance for the stage of local matching. The distance between the current pixel and the target local region is computed using depth information and the spatial distance in the 2D image plane. The 3D-distance is then used to determine the similarity between the current pixel and the target local region. The overall algorithm is described as follow; First, the cumulative histogram matching is introduced for reducing global color discrepancies. Then, the proposed local color matching is established for reducing local discrepancies. Finally, a weight-based combination of global and local matching is computed. Experimental results show the proposed algorithm has improved global and local error correction performance for stereoscopic contents with respect to other approaches.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.323-331
• /
• 2013

This study aims at investigating and comparing the diphthongs, words, and sentences between two Korean highschool students groups using the Praat program. To do this English words and sentences were uttered and recorded by twenty Korean subjects; each group has ten subjects. All the subjects are female and their grades range from freshman to sophomore. Acoustic features were measured from a sound spectrogram with the help of the Praat software program and analyzed through statistical analysis. Results showed that the lengths of diphthongs and words were different between two groups, but the difference was not significant. However, in the lengths of sentence utterance, the group of 5 to 6 grade students in the current grading system pronounced longer than that of 1 to 2 grade students. Especially in the pronunciation of the first two sentences with more than five words, the difference was significant. From the data of the overall sum of words between the two subject groups, we were able to find out that the differences of the lengths of the words with the diphthongs were not significant, but those of the sentences with more than five words were significant. In the pronunciation of the words between coat and code, the length of the diphthong in coat was smaller than that of in code.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.606-619
• /
• 2009

Objectives : This study was to examine the state of customized visiting oral health programs in a bid to help facilitate the unified operation of the programs and the development of required guidelines. Methods : The subjects in this study were 49 dental hygienists who were professionals responsible for customized visiting health care programs across the nation. Results : 1. Regarding the form of employment of the dental hygienists were investigated many contract and daily workers. 2. As to the possession of equipment necessary for visiting oral health programs, denture cleaners(12.2%) were most widely possessed in some regions, followed by mobile scalers(10.2%) and mobile suctions(8.2%). In terms of expendable devices and materials, dental mirrors, pincettes and explorers were the most widely possessed dental checkup devices, and the most widely possessed oral hygiene supplies were toothbrushes, interdental brushes and denture cleaners. Those devices and materials were in more possession than the other types of devices and materials. The most widely possessed equipment for educational purpose was laptop computers, followed by beam projectors and screens. The most widely possessed teaching materials were dentiform, followed by CD-ROMs. 3. Those whom they visited the most for oral health care service were elderly people, followed by the disabled and patients with chronic diseases. The dental hygienists who went out to visit those people outnumbered the others who stayed at public health centers. Concerning the types of visiting oral health care service, the most prevalent service provided to the elderly included denture cleaning/management, oral massage and preventive treatment against dental caries. The most dominant service provided to the disabled involved education of the oral health care act, preventive treatment against dental caries and toothbrushing by professionals. The most common service offered to patients with chronic diseases was education of the oral health care act and oral health education. The dental hygienists paid a visit to a mean of 5.8 households a day. The average weekly number of households cared by the dental hygienists was 27.3. It took a mean of 37.1 minutes for them to take care of each household. 4. As for satisfaction level with the implementation of the visiting oral health programs, they expressed the greatest satisfaction at teamwork with professionals($3.56{\pm}0.94$), followed by the professionalism of their work($3.21{\pm}0.94$) and workload($3.08{\pm}0.94$). Their satisfaction level with the work conditions required for creative job performance($2.75{\pm}0.98$) and partnership with other institutions($2.64{\pm}1.03$) was below 3.0. In regard to the impact of their characteristics, marital status made a statistically significant difference to satisfaction level with workload. The unmarried dental hygienists were more pleased with their workload than the married ones(p<0.05). 5. As to needs for education for professionalism improvement, they asked for education about visiting oral health care skills the most, followed by education about oral health care for patients with chronic diseases, education of planning/evaluation and education of oral health care for the disabled. Conclusions : The top priority for the vitalization of the programs was the procurement of budget, followed by the procurement of equipment and educational media and the procurement of human resources.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.78-85
• /
• 2014

BACKGROUND: Recent studies using various industrial wastes for heavy metal stabilization in soil were conducted in order to find out new alternative amendments. The acid mine drainage sludge(AMDS) contains lots of metal oxides(hydroxides) that may be useful for heavy metal stabilization not only waste water treatment but also soil remediation. The aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of acid mine drainage sludge for heavy metals stabilization in soils METHODS AND RESULTS: Alkali soil contaminated with heavy metals was collected from the agricultural soils affected by the abandoned mine sites nearby. Three different amounts(1%, 3%, 5%) of AMDS were applied into control soil and contaminated soil. For determining the changes in the extractable heavy metals, $CaCl_2$ and Mehlich-3 were applied as chemical assessments for metal stabilization. For biological assessments, lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.) and chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa var. glabra) were cultivated and accumulation of heavy metals on each plant were determined. It was revealed that AMDS reduced heavy metal mobility and bioavailability in soil, which resulted in the decreases in the accumulation of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in each plant. CONCLUSION: Though the high level of heavy metal concentrations in AMDS, any considerable increase in the heavy metal availability was not observed with control and contaminated soil. In conclusion, these results indicated that AMDS could be applied to heavy metal contaminated soil as an alternative amendments for reducing heavy metal mobility and bioavailability.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
• /
• 1994.11a
• /
• pp.27-30
• /
• 1994

잠재적으로 항감염 약제로 사용될 가능성이 있는 약제들의 초기 연구과정에서 주된 관심사는 이들이 미생물(세균, 바이러스, 기타 기생충)에 대한 작용들이 있는가 하는 점이다. 이러한 작용들이 실험적으로 충분히 연구가 된 후에야 실험동물에서 그 효과를 연구한다. 항 바이러스 제제의 경우에는 세포배양을 통한 연구가 그 약제의 독성과 효용성을 나타내는데 필수적인 것이 된다. 여러 종류의 동물을 이용한 생체실험에서 약제의 일반적인 흡수와 배설, 분포 등에 관한 정보와 약제 자체와 동물 내에서의 대사적 변화에 대한 정보가 제공된다. 여러 가지 미생물로 감염을 시킨 적합한 동물과 여러 가지 용량으로 치료하는 실험을 통하여 약제의 항 감염 능력이 알려지게 된다. 동물에서의 생체실험과 실험관내에서 실험을 하고 나서야 사람에서의 연구가 이루어지게 된다. 소위 전임상시험에서 대표적 병원성 미생물에 대한 생물학적효과, 약리학적 효과와 독성 그리고 동물실험모델에서의 가능한 효과가 결정된 후에 임상시험에 들어가기 마련이다. 항균제의 임상시험에는 각각의 감염질환에 대한 진단 및 치료기준을 반영하는 것이 기본이다. 새로운 항균제의 임상시험에서는 안전성과 효과가 반드시 밝혀져야 한다. 1상에서는 인체에서의 약리효과, 안전성이 주목적이며, 2상과 3상은 겹쳐지는 점도 있으나 하나 또는 그 이상의 적응증에 대한 항균제의 효과와 단기간의 부작용은 2상에서 관찰하여야하며, 다수의 환자에서 제안된 적응질환의 무작위임상시험과 다수에서의 안전성도 3상에서 관찰하여야 한다. 4상에서는 이상에서의 자료로 시판된 후에도 계속해서 감시하는 것으로 지속적으로 안전성을 관찰하는 것이다. 이러한 기본사항외에도 소아, 임산부, 고령자등에서의 임상시험도 넓은 의미에서 포함되어야 할 것이며 또한 질적인 면에서 조절하는 Quality Assurance도 중요하다.양상은 세 용량군 간 차이가 없었으나, 시험기에서 발열의 발현율이 낮았으며, 발열일 수와 항생제 사용일 수가 짧았다. 결론: 골수억제 조절 효과는 용량에 따른 혈액소견에 미치는 영향, 부작용, 감염의 빈도, 감염발생에 따른 항생제 사용기간 등을 고려하여 그 임상 유효성 평가시, 제 3상 시험에 사용할 권장량 (recommended dose) 은 250 ug/$m^2$/d $\times$ 10d 으로 관찰되었다.5주에 부검한 랫드의 간에서 c-myc 종양단백의 발현은 모든 처리군들이 대조군에 비하여 높게 발현되는. 것이 관찰되었으나 시험개시후 26주에 부검한 랫드의 간에서 c-myc 종양단백의 발현은 대조군에 비하여 차이가 거의 없었다. 따라서 랫드에서 화학적으로 유도한 간암발생 과정에서 NK 세포활성이 현저하게 억제되는 것으로 생각되며, c-myc 종양단백의 발현은 시험개시후 15주에 그 발현이 확실한 것으로 사료되어 진다.에 영향을 주는 성분이 있음을 제시하였다.1과 항우울약들의 항혈소판작용은 PKC-기질인 41-43 kD와 20 kD의 인산화를 억제함에 기인되는 것으로 사료된다.다. 것으로 사료된다.다.바와 같이 MCl에서 작은 Dv 값을 갖는데, 이것은 CdCl$_{4}$$^{2-}$ 착이온을 형성하거나 ZnCl$_{4}$$^{2-}$ , ZnCl$_{3}$$^{-}$같은 이온과 MgCl$^{+}$, MgCl$_{2}$같은 이온종을 형성하기 때문인것 같다. 한편 어떠한 용리액에서던지 NH$_{4}$$^{+}$의 경우 Dv값이 제일 작았다. 바. 본 연구의 목적중의 하나인 인체유

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.279-288
• /
• 2011

Objectives: This study investigated the levels and components of floor-settled dust in two elementary schools located at different sites (one near the Shihwa industrial complex and the other in a rural area) in order to evaluate the amounts of trace metal elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) and microorganisms. Methods: Over twenty settled-dust samples were collected from the two elementary schools. Trace metal elements were extracted from the dust using hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, and the amounts were measured by ICP-OES. Microbiological analysis was performed by bacterial culturing using R2A medium and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Results: The results showed that the amounts of three metal elements (Cr, Pb, and Zn) were significantly different between the schools (${\alpha}$=0.05, p<0.04). In addition, microbial communities in each school were highly correlated with one another. Among the identified microorganisms, a number of potentially opportunistic microorganisms, including antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as Acinetobacter baumannii, were found. Conclusions: This study will provide preliminary data for assessing levels and types of chemical and microbiological agents in elementary schools and for further evaluating human health risks associated with the agents.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
• /
• 2004.05a
• /
• pp.193-206
• /
• 2004

예로부터 빛고을로 인식되었던 광주가 근세에 이르러 의병활동, 광주학생운동, 5\ulcorner18민주화운동, 아직도 끝나지 않은 이념전쟁으로만 비추어질 수도 있는 지역의 이미지를 재정립하고, 도시 경쟁력의 증대를 위한 방안으로 CI사업 추진계획을 수립하고 3개년에 걸쳐(1999～2001) CI전략 개발, CI디자인 개발, 문화상품 개발, 도시환경디자인 개발 등을 추진하였다. 최근 커뮤니케이션에 있어서 캐릭터는 정보의 시각화라는 측면에서 다른 그래픽 심볼에 비해 설득적이라 할 수 있고, 기존의 심볼의 이미지 보완적 보조심볼로서의 개념이 아닌 독자적인 영역이 구축되어야 하므로 광주광역시 캐릭터 개발은 Character Identity 차원에서 메인캐릭터와 이를 각각의 용도에 맞춰 응용전개시키는 이벤트 캐릭터, 브랜드캐릭터로 구분하여 유형에 따라 다르게 적용되어야 할 적용성 및 활용성에 중점을 두고 개발되었다. 광주광역시의 메인캐릭터 개발컨셉은 "빛"과 "생명"으로 결정된 TCI이념을 활용하는 것과 광주의 상징 요소로서 "무등산"을 활용하는 두 가지 방향에서 개발이 진행되었으며, 1999년 10월의 TCI 추진회의 1차선정을 시작으로 광주시민을 포함한 전국민 설문조사와 2000년 4월의 의회설명회에 이르기까지 다양한 방법을 통해 캐릭터 개발안에 대한 평가와 검토/수정과정을 거쳐 기본캐릭터를 완성하게 되었다. 이를 통해 본 광주광역시의 캐릭터는 중장기적으로 치밀하게 계획되고 실천되어야 하며 변화하는 환경에 효율적으로 대응하는 구체적이고 실천적인 연구평가와 접근방법에 대한 연구 등으로 그 지역의 특징적인 문화를 상품화시키려는 노력이 캐릭터개발을 토대로 뒤따라야 한다. 촉진, 중요 연구 주제의 도출 및 연구 진행 계획을 수립하고, 국제적 산학 협력 강화를 통해 공동 연구를 도출하는 자리를 마련함. $\textbullet$본 학술회의에서 발표된 논문들을 취합하여, 논문집 및 CD-ROM을 제작하여 세계적 수준의 연구 결과를 알리고 이 분야에 관련된 학문, 기술 발전에 큰 도움이 됨.emove effectively radioactivity with in Adsorbent. As cleaning heavy water adsorbent and drying on each condition (temperature for drying and hours for cleaning). Because there is something to return heavy water adsorbent by removing impurities within adsorbent when it is dried o high temperature. After operating, we have been applying this research to the way to dispose heavy water adsorbent. Through this we could reduce solid waste products and the expense of permanent disposal of radioactive waste products and also we could contribute nuclear power plant run safely. According to the result we could keep the best condition of radiation s

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.59 no.sup1
• /
• pp.49-52
• /
• 2016

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a hereditary humoral immunodeficiency that results from Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK ) gene mutations. These mutations cause defects in B-cell development, resulting in the virtual absence of these lymphocytes from the peripheral circulation. Consequently, this absence leads to a profound deficiency of lg all isotypes, and an increased susceptibility to encapsulated bacterial infections. A 15-month-old Korean boy presented with recurrent sinusitis and otitis media after 6 months of age, and had a family history of 2 maternal uncles with XLA. Laboratory tests revealed a profound deficiency of Ig isotypes, and a decreased count of $CD19^+$ B cells in the peripheral circulation. Based on his family history and our laboratory test results, he was diagnosed with XLA. We performed BTK gene analysis of peripheral blood samples obtained from family members to confirm the diagnosis. Mutational analysis revealed a novel hemizygous frameshift mutation (c.82delC, p.Arg28Alafs*5), in the BTK gene. His mother and maternal grandmother were heterozygous carriers of this mutation and his two maternal uncles were hemizygous at the same position. After XLA diagnosis, intravenous immunoglobulin (400 mg/kg, monthly) treatment was initiated; recurrent sinusitis and otitis media were subsequently brought under control. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a Korean pedigree with a novel mutation in the BTK gene.