• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.245-251
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• 2010

We evaluated the interaction between Cd and Zn in the bioaccumulation of seven clones of Salix caprea, which were exposed both to Cd and Zn alone and to a combination of Cd and Zn. Cadmium (Cd) and Zn concentration in the four treatments were administered in the following order: root > leaf > stem, and obvious differences were noted among the treatments and clones. The leaf Cd concentration of clone BH2 and stem Cd concentration of clone BH5 in the combined Cd and Zn treatment group was increased by 62% and 110%, respectively, relative of that of the Cd alone treatment group. On the other hand, the leaf and stem Zn concentration of clone BH8 in the combined Cd and Zn treatment group was reduced by 66% and 61%, respectively, relative to that of the Zn alone treatment group. Translocation of Cd and Zn from the root was higher in the leaf than in the stem, and the combined Cd and Zn treatment stimulated the translocation of Cd from the root to the leaf and stem, whereas it suppressed the translocation of Zn from the root to the leaf and stem. Therefore, the interaction effects were considered strongly synergistic with Cd in the presence of Zn, but proved antagonistic to Zn in the presence of Cd in the combined Cd and Zn treatment group. The phytoremediation potentials of the seven clones, which were estimated from standard indices of Cd and Zn concentration in Cd and Zn alone and the combined Cd and Zn treatment groups, were highest in clone BH3, and lowest in clone BH5. Therefore, we recognize S. caprea as an appropriate material for phytoremediation, and this is particularly the case with clone BH3. However, further research will be required to evaluate the effects of Cd and Zn on the physiological changes as well as tolerance mechanisms against metal toxicity in S. caprea clones.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.2027-2030
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• 2016

Objective: To investigate the effect of peripheral blood CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cell on postoperative immunotherapy in patients with renal carcinoma. Methods: 38 patients with renal cell carcinoma were recruited, and 20 patients from the operation group purely underwent the radical nephrectomy therapy, 18 patients from the combined group successively underwent the radical nephrectomy therapy and IFN-${\alpha}$ adjuvant immunotherapy. Additionally, 12 healthy subjects were recruited in the same period of time and regarded as the control group. Flow cytometry was used to detect CD4 +, CD8 +, CD4 + CD25+ T lymphocyte subset content and the ratio of all parts in the pre-operative period, in the first post-operative week and in the third post-operative month, compare and analyze its variation trend. Results: The CD4+CD25+ T lymphocyte subset content of individual renal carcinoma patients was significantly higher than that of the control group, also increases with the progression in the tumor stage (P<0.05). The post-operative CD4 + CD25+T lymphocytes of individual operation group and combined group patients showed different degrees of increment, but the increment of the combined group was significantly lower than that of the operation group (P<0.05). For the combined group patients with less pre-operative CD4 + CD25+T lymphocytes, their levels would increase after the immunotherapy, while the pre-operative patients with more CD4 + CD25+ T lymphocytes were the opposite situation. Conclusion: The detection of peripheral blood CD4+CD25+ regulatory T lymphocyte subset can reflect the anti-tumor immune status of renal cell carcinoma patient body. It can contribute to predict the prognosis of immunotherapy and provide reference for the choice of renal carcinoma post-operative adjuvant immunotherapy.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 2008

Objective: The purpose of this research is to examine the effects of Mahaenggamseok-tang-gagambang (MGTG) on CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic mice. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were injected, inhaled and sprayed with OVA for 12 weeks (four a week) for asthma induction. Two experimental groups were treated with different concentrations of MGTG (400 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) extract and cyclosporin A (10 mg/kg) for the later 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the mice lung was removed and analyzed CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells by flow cytometer. Results: Numbers of CD3+ T cells in lung of the MGTG groups (200, 400 mg/kg) were significantly decreased compared with that of control group. Numbers of CD4+ T cells in lung of the MGTG groups (200, 400 mg/kg) were significantly decreased compared with that of control group. Numbers of CD8+ T cells in lung of the MGTG groups (200, 400 mg/kg) were significantly decreased compared with that of control group. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that MGTG alleviated asthmatic hyperreactiviry through CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Further study of relative cytokines is expected.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2016

Magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC) is an effective agent for solidification/stabilization (S/S) technology. To further explore the mechanism of the S/S by MKPC, two kinds of Cd including $Cd(NO_3)_2$ solution (L-Cd) and municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA) adsorbed Cd (S-Cd), were used to compare the effects of the form of heavy metal on S/S. The results showed that all the MKPC pastes had a high unconfined compressive strength (UCS) above 11 MPa. For L-Cd pastes, Cd leaching concentration increased with the increase of Cd content, and decreased with the increase of curing time. With the percentage of MSWI FA below 20%, S-Cd pastes exhibited similar Cd leaching concentrations as those of L-Cd pastes, while when the content of MSWI FA come up to 30%, the Cd leaching concentration increased significantly. To meet the standard GB5085.3-2007, the highest addition of S-Cd was 30% MSWI FA (6% Cd contained), with the Cd leaching concentration of 0.817 mg/L. The S/S of L-Cd is mainly due to chemical fixation, and the hydration compound of Cd was $NaCdPO_4$, while the S/S of S-Cd is due to physical encapsulation, which is dependent on the pore/crack size and porosity of the MKPC pastes.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.413-418
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• 2007

Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) stabilized cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles were loaded onto the surface of silica ($SiO_2$) nanoparticles by using ${\gamma}$-irradiation. TEM micrograph reveals the presence of ~20nm sized CdS nanoparticles on the surface of $SiO_2$ nanoparticles. XRD patterns confirm the crystalline. PL spectra of the simple PVP-stabilized CdS nanoparticle and $SiO_2$@CdS composite confirm the differences in the emission characteristics between them. Two prominent emission peaks were noted around 550 nm and 600 nm for PVP-stabilized CdS nanoparticles). The emission peaks noted for the PVP-stabilized CdS nanoparticles were found to be blue shifted for $SiO_2$@CdS composites. Besides, an additional emission peak around 450 nm was noticed for the $SiO_2$@CdS composite. The presence of CdS nanoparticles influence the emission characteristics and induce quantum confinement effect.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2016

Man-made cadmium (Cd) emissions can be transported between environmental matrices and the food chain. Food is the primary source of Cd exposure among general population as a consequence of the bioconcentration of Cd from soil. Chronic Cd exposure has been reported to be associated with chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) established the safe level of Cd intake as provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) of $25{\mu}g/kg\;bw$ in 2010. The major food groups that contribute to the most Cd exposure are rice and grains, shellfish and sea food, meat including edible offal, and vegetables. A number of studies reported the high Cd contaminated levels in foods from polluted areas in Thailand. The results are of high concern since the contaminations occur in foods that are major Cd contributors. Thus, in this review, the current situations of Cd contaminated foods in polluted areas of Thailand are summarized. In addition, the Cd intakes from selected scenarios are estimated to assess the potential health risk to consumers and the suggestions are also included.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.271-275
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• 2005

본 연구결과, ${\beta}$-CD의 재활용을 위해 adipic acid로 ${\beta}$-CD를 가교시킨 후, 우유의 콜레스테롤 제거 실험에 사용한 결과, 10회 재활용하는 동안 평균 89.90%의 콜레스테롤이 제거되었으며, 이에 따른 가교화 ${\beta}$-CD의 재활용률은 97.30%로 나타났다. 재활용에 따른 가교화 ${\beta}$-CD의 수율은 8회 재활용할 때까지 감소폭이 매우 적었으며, 가교화 ${\beta}$-CD의 구조 역시, 8회 재활용할때까지는 ${\beta}$-CD간의 가교결합이 유지되다가 이후부터는 대부분 powder ${\beta}$-CD 형태로 존재하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 재활용하는 동안 콜레스테롤 제거가 가능한 ${\beta}$-CD를 정량한 결과, 8회 재활용할 때까지 일정한 수치를 유지하는 것으로 나타났다. 위 실험 결과, adipic acid로 가교시킨 ${\beta}$-CD를 이용하여 우유의 콜레스테롤 제거 시, 여러 번 사용하여도 가교화 ${\beta}$-CD의 물리적 성질에 변화가 거의 없이 자체의 특성을 유지하는 것으로 보아, 이를 유가공 산업에 적용 시, 경제적인 효과가 매우 클 것이라고 사료된다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.663-668
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• 2003

CdTe quantum dots(QDs) were synthesized in aqueous solution by colloidal method. The synthesized CdTe QDs were identified to be cubic-structured ones by x-ray diffraction(XRD). The photoluminescence(PL) was performed for CdTe QDs prepared as a function of Te precursor concentration, condensation time and aging time. The PL intensity is strongly dependent on Te precursor concentration, indicating that the ratio of Te to Cd ions affects the particle size and size distribution of the CdTe QDs. Our PL study reveals that the intensity of PL peaks strengthens as the condensation time elongates, implying that annealing by thermal energy transferred during condensation would eliminate defects which act as killing centers in CdTe particles. Our photocurrent study suggests that the CdTe QDs materials are one of the prospective materials for optoelectronics including photodetectors.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1052-1056
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• 1996

The effects of β-CD, Me-β-CD, and biphenyl capped β-CD on 1H NMR spectra of mandelic acid 1, α-methylbenzylamine 2 and 2-phenylpropionic acid 3 were investigated. Enantiomeric recognition was observed for mandelic acid 1 by all the hosts used, for α-methylbenzylamine 2 by β-CD and Me-β-CD, and for 2-phenylpropionic acid 3 by Me-β-CD. In the presence of biphenyl-capped β-CD, ο-, m-, and p-protons of the phenyl groups of the guests are discriminated due to ring current of the capped biphenyl group. The splitting pattern of the phenyl protons indicates that the phenyl group of the guests is inserted into the β-CD cavity from the secondary hydroxyl side and positioned in close proximity to the capped biphenyl ring. The magnitude of the upfield shifts of H3 and H5 protons of β-CD upon binding of guests 1-3 is similar to that caused by ephedrine or pseudoephedrine, suggesting that the substitution at benzylic carbon atom has little effect on the depth of the insertion of the phenyl group into the β-CD cavity and stability of the inclusion complexes.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of cadmium (Cd) exposure on biochemical factors in the hemolymph and hepatopancreas of the abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. The abalone were exposed to 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 ${\mu}g/L$ Cd for 4 weeks. The phenoloxidase (PO) activity was decreased in hemolymph of abalone exposed to 40 Cd ${\mu}g/L$ for 4 weeks compared to the control (P < 0.05). The hemolymph enzymes, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were markedly elevated in 40 Cd ${\mu}g/L$ after 4 weeks. The hemolymph calcium concentrations were significantly decreased in 20 and 40 Cd ${\mu}g/L$ for 4 weeks. Hepatopancreas superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were significantly increased by Cd. SOD was increased in both 20 and 40 Cd ${\mu}g/L$ and CAT, in 40 Cd ${\mu}g/L$ after 2 weeks (P < 0.05). These results suggested that the abalone SOD and CAT including PO may serve as a protective mechanism against oxidative stress by Cd. We conclude that a Cd concentration, 40 ${\mu}g/L$ in water may curtail hemolymph homeostasis and anti-oxidative reactions in abalone hepatopancreas. From these results, these biochemical factors may represent a convenient method of monitoring heavy metal pollution in coastal areas.