• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제10권11호
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• pp.371-379
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• 2010

본 연구는 자료포락분석(DEA)을 이용하여 가장 최근의 객관적 자료인 대학행정정보 공시자료를 입수하여 충청지역 대학의 상대적 효율성을 분석하였다. 본 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, CCR 효율성이 1인 사립대학교는 15개 대학교 가운데 5개 대학교인데, 충남지역에 3개 대학교, 충북지역의 2개 대학교로 나타났으며, 충북지역에 위치한 대학교들의 CCR 효율성 값 평균이 충남과 대전지역 사립대학교들의 CCR 효율성 값 평균보다 큰 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 충청지역 2년제 사립대학의 경우 CCR 효율성이 1인 사립대학은 13개 대학 가운데 3개 대학교인데, 대전지역에 2개 대학, 충북지역의 1개 대학으로 나타났으며, 대전지역에 위치한 대학들의 CCR 효율성 값 평균이 충남과 충북지역 사립대학들의 CCR 효율성 값 평균보다 큰 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, BCC 효율성이 1인 사립대학교는 15개 대학교 가운데 9개 대학교인데, 충남지역에 6개 대학교, 충북지역의 3개 대학교로 나타났으며, 충북지역에 위치한 대학교들의 BCC 효율성 값 평균이 충남과 대전지역 사립대학교들의 BCC 효율성 값 평균보다 큰 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, BCC 효율성이 1인 사립 대학은 13개 대학 가운데 7개 대학인데, 대전지역에 3개 대학, 충남지역의 2개 대학, 충북의 경우 효율성이 1인 대학은 2개 대학으로 나타났으며, 충북지역에 위치한 대학들의 BCC 효율성 값 평균이 대전과 충남지역 사립대학들의 BCC 효율성 값 평균보다 큰 것으로 나타났다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.176-182
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• 2016

CCR3 is a chemokine receptor that mediates the accumulation of allergic inflammatory cells, including eosinophils and Th2 cells, at inflamed sites. The regulatory sequence of the CCR3 gene, contains two Runt-related transcription factor (RUNX) 1 sites and two PU.1 sites, in addition to a functional GATA site for transactivation of the CCR3 gene. In the present study, we examined the effects of the cis-acting elements of RUNX1 and PU.1 on transcription of the gene in EoL-1 eosinophilic cells and Jurkat T cells, both of which expressed functional surface CCR3 and these two transcription factors. Introduction of RUNX1 siRNA or PU.1 siRNA resulted in a modest decrease in CCR3 reporter activity in both cell types, compared with transfection of GATA-1 siRNA. Cotransfection of the two siRNAs led to inhibition in an additive manner. EMSA analysis showed that RUNX1, in particular, bound to its binding motifs. Mutagenesis analysis revealed that all point mutants lacking RUNX1- and PU.1-binding sites exhibited reduced reporter activities. These results suggest that RUNX1 and PU.1 participate in transcriptional regulation of the CCR3 gene.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.435-437
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• 2012

House dust mite (HDM) is important in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases including asthma and atopic dermatitis. Dermatophagoides pteronissinus (Dp) is one of major HDM allergens. In this study, we investigated that Dp extract (DpE) affects on the chemotactic activity of monocytes isolated from the peripheral blood. DpE inhibited the migration of human monocytes in response to CC chemokines such as MIP-$1{\alpha}$, RANTES, HCC-4, MCP-1, and TARC. DpE did not alter the expression of CC chemokine receptors (CCRs) such as CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR4, and CCR5. These results indicate that DpE blocks the chemotaxis of human monocytes and its mechanism is not involved in alteration of CCR expression. Better understanding of the effect of DpE on monocytes will enable elucidation of the role of Dp in the development of allergic diseases.

• 통합자연과학논문집
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.234-240
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• 2014

C-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CCR4) is a chemokine receptor with seven transmembrane helices and it belongs to the GPCR family. It plays an important role in asthma, lung disease, atopic dermatitis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, the mosquito-borne tropical diseases, such as dengue fever and allergic rhinitis. Because of its role in wide spectrum of disease processes, CCR4 is considered to be an important drug target. Three dimensional structure of the protein is essential to determine the functions. In the present study homology modeling of human CCR4 was performed based on crystal structure of CCR5 chemokine receptor. The generated models were validated using various parameters. Among the generated homology models the best one is selected based on validation result. The model can be used for performing further docking studies to identifying the critical interacting residues.

• 통합자연과학논문집
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.163-169
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• 2013

The chemokine receptor CCR1 a GPCR super family protein contains seven transmembrane domains. It plays an important role in rheumatoid arthritis, organ transplant rejection, Alzheimer's disease and also causes inflammation. Because of its role in disease processes, antagonism of CCR1 became an attractive therapeutic target. In the current study, we have taken a novel series of recently reported CCR1 antagonist of 1-(4-Phenylpiperazin-1-yl_-2-(1H-Pyrazol-1-yl) ethanone derivatives and performed a HQSAR analysis. The model was developed with Atom (A) and bond (B) parameters and with different set of atom counts to improve the model. The results of HQSAR showed good predictive ability in terms of $r^2$ (0.904) and $q^2$ (0.590) with 0.710 as standard error of prediction and 0.344 as standard error of estimate. The contribution map depicted the atom contribution in inhibitory effect. Compound-14 which was reported to be a highly active compound showed positive atom contribution in three R groups ($R^3$. $R^{5a}$ and $R^{2b}$) in inhibitory effect, which could be the reason why this compound is highly active compound whereas, the lowest active compound-6 showed negative contribution to inhibitory effect.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.278-284
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• 2011

The CCR4-CAF1-NOT complex-mediated degradation of mRNA is a fundamental aspect of gene regulation in eukaryotes. We herein examined the role of AtCAF1 in the innate immune and wound responses of plants. Our results showed that overexpression of AtCAF1 significantly downregulated the transcript level of EFR but not FLS2 and BRI1, as well as abolished up-regulated expression pattern of EFR in response to wounding. Consistently, Agrobacteriummediated transient expression of GUS was highly enhanced in the transgenic plants overexpressing AtCAF. Furthermore, JA responsive genes were down-regulated by overexpression of AtCAF, causing the transgenic plants overexpressing AtCAF more susceptible to necrotrophic fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. These results suggest that The CCR4-CAF1-NOT complex-mediated degradation of mRNA negatively regulates wounding-mediated disease resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.73-78
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• 2009

Objectives : In this study, we studied the effect of Pinellia Ternata (PT) on regulatory T cells and CD3+CCR3+ Th2 cells number in asthma model mice. Methods : All mice were immunized on two different days (21 days and 7 days before inhalational exposure) by i.p. injections of 0.2 $m\ell$ alum-precipitated Ag containing 100 ${\mu}g$ of OVA bound to 4 mg of aluminum hydroxide in PBS. Seven days after the second sensitization, mice were exposed to aerosolized ovalbumin for 30 min/day on 3 days/week for 12 weeks(at a flow rate of 250 L/min, 2.5％ ovalbumin in normal saline) and PT (400, 200 mg/kg) were orally administered 3 times a week for 8 weeks. After C57BL/6 mice were orally given of PT, the percentages, cell numbers, phenotype and function of CD4+CD25+Treg cells were determined by flow cytometry. Results : The cell numbers of CD4+CD25+Treg cell subsets were markedly increased in PT treated mice as reported. However, PT significantly reduced the CD3+CCR3+ Th2 cells in PBMC and lung of mice. Conclusions : These results indicate that PT has a deep inhibitory effect on asthma model mice by increase the number of regulatory T cells, and by reducing CD3+CCR3+ Th2 cells.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.325-333
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• 2010

발음장애, 구토감 및 착용 불편감과 같은 보정장치에 대해 환자가 느끼는 불편감을 평가해보기 위해 고정식 교정장치로 교정치료를 받고 교정장치가 제거된 66명(남자 23명, 여자 43명; 평균연령 $23.42{\pm}10.19$)의 교정환자를 대상으로 무작위로 두 군으로 배정한 후 고정식 교정장치를 제거한 다음 날 CWR 장착군에게는 구개를 완전히 덮는 구개 완전 피개형 보정장치인 conventional wraparound retainer (CWR)를 장착시키고 CCR 장착군에게는 구개를 말 발굽 모양으로 부분 피개하는 보정장치인 circumferential comfortable retainer (CCR)를 4주 동안 장착시킨 후 발음장애, 구토감 및 착용 불편감의 정도에 대해 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS)로 표시할 수 있도록 제작된 설문지를 통해 얻은 점수에 대해 통계적으로 비교 분석하였다. 연구결과 발음장애와 착용 불편감의 비교에서 CCR 장착군이 CWR 장착군에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 낮았다 ($p$ < 0.05). 구토감의 비교에서는 CCR 장착군이 CWR 장착군에 비해 낮은 점수를 보였지만 통계적으로는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다 ($p$ = 0.146). 이상의 연구 결과로 circumferential comfortable retainer (CCR)는 발음장애를 감소시키고, 착용 불편감을 완화시킴으로써 환자의 협조도를 증진시켜줄 수 있는바 고정식 교정장치를 이용한 교정치료 후 치료결과 유지에 도움이 될 수 있음을 시사하였다.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.111-125
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• 2015

This study is to analyze the efficiency of Korean sea food manufacturing using Data Envelopment Analysis. Firstly, based on an output oriented traditional CCR, BCC model, the study estimated the efficiency scores. The average estimates of technical, pure technical, and scale efficiency turned out 0.6517, 0.7184, 0.9074 respectively, which are separated for 50 marine corporations. The 10 DMUs were efficient under CCR model while the 17 DMUs under BCC model. Also, the study suggested that the operating profit of the two output factors should be more increased relatively and averagely from the viewpoint of efficiency improvement. Secondly, super efficiency scores are estimated under super efficiency and SBM model. As a result, it came to be possible to distinguish and rank the efficiency of the efficient DMUs. The highest score was 4.2975 under Super-CCR, was 2.4947 under Super-BCC, was 2.7160 under SBM-Super-CCR, and was 1.5319 under SBM-Super-BCC model. The average estimates of super efficiency were 0.76 and 0.82 under Super-CCR and Super-BCC model respectively, and were 0.61 and 0.67 under SBM-Super-CCR and SBM-Super-BCC model. Finally, the study conducted a rank-sum test, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test, to find a statistical significance of heterogeneity existing in efficiencies among the sample corporations. The result showed that there was a significant difference in average efficiency between Dried, Salted product manufacturing and Frozen product manufacturing under BCC-Super efficiency model at 10% level of significance. Furthermore, TOBIT model was applied to find out the potential factors that might influence the efficiency, Wilcoxonand the results showed debt and sales cost influenced all of the technical, pure technical, and scale efficiency, while net profit influenced only the technical efficiency.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the development of pain behavior and the expression of CCL2/CCR2 and CX3CL1/CX3CR1 at above and below the level of hemisection of the spinal cord in a rat model. Methods: Spinal cords of adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (n= 16, 200~250 g, 6~8 weeks old) were hemisected at T13 on the right side to develop the spinal hemisection injury model. We compared behavioral responses of the hemisection and of a sham surgery group. Behavioral tests for motor function (by the BBB locomotor scale), and for pain response for mechanical and cold allodynia were assessed postoperatively (PO) for 21 days. Expression of mRNA for chemokines and their receptors (CCL2/CCR2 and CX3CL1/CX3CR1) below and above the level of the spinal cord dissection were examined by RT-PCR. Results: We observed gradual motor improvement and the development of mechanical and cold allodynia on the ipsilateral hindpaw after spinal hemisection injury. We also found upregulation of mRNA expression of CCL2/CCR2 both above and below the level of spinal cord dissection but CX3CL1/CX3CR1 mRNA expression. Conclusion: Upregulation of CCL2/CCR2 is associated with neuropathic pain after spinal hemisection injury. CCL2/CCR2 may play an important role in the development of neuropathic pain after SCI as well as of peripheral neuropathic pain. These findings may improve understanding of the pathophysiological mechanism of neuropathic pain after SCI.